Toyota Motor Corporation Business Sample

Toyota Motor Corporation Business Sample Toyota Motor Corporation Business Essay Example Toyota Motor Corporation Business Essay Example Toyota has become one of the leaders in vehicle industry. Its history goes back to the 1930s, when the company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda. Toyota Company was a branch project of Toyota Automatic Loom Works run by founder’s son. Its first creations were A1 and G1 passenger vehicles. Only in August 1937, Toyota Company was established as a separate entity. Ever since that time, company had encored its positions on a global market. In 2012, Toyota Motors Corporation was the largest manufacturer in the world by production capacities. Starting from this year, 2014 it occupies the fourteenth place in the world by revenue. Toyota Way The company’s values and business style in terms of management are known as the Toyota Way. Toyota Way is a code of conduct embraced by all of its employees. Amongst its content there are two headings Respect for People and Continuous Improvement that lay the foundation for five major principles that include: challenge, improvement, go and see, respect and teamwork (Toyota Motor Corporation, n.d.). The Toyota Way encounters four main components that are essential for its operations: long-term thinking, problem-solving process, adding value and root problem solving leads to organizational learning. Toyota’s global vision reflects its intentions to lead the way to the future of mobility via enriching lives around the world with the safe and responsible ways of moving people. They seek to achieve the mentioned above through commitment to quality, constant innovation and respect for the planet, exceeding expectations with a smile as a reward from customers. The company also emphasizes on involvement of those who are talented and passionate who seek better ways of achieving corporate goals. Tracing back to its foundation, the Toyota Company has changed the course of its products and services. The Toyota Grop consists of 16 companies that provide goods and services. Its product line includes manufacturing of automobiles, luxury vehicles, commercial vehicles, engines and motorcycles. Services, provided by Toyota embrace banking, financing and leasing. The Toyota Company also performs an expertise in fields that are not related to the automobile business: housing, financial ser vices, environmental (marine, biotechnology and afforestation) and communications. Its headquarters are located in Toyota city in the Aichi prefecture in Japan. Ten of its plants operate in Japan. Its geographical presence embraces manufacturing or assembling plants in North and South Americas region, Europe and Asia and Oceania. As of March 2014, the Toyota’s: capital was worth 80.4 billion yen; net sales 2,007.8 billion yen; net income 91.7 billion yen. During 2012 and 2013 total sales were 9,748,000 and 9,980,000 yen respectively (Reuters Financial, 2014). 1. Every company seeks the way to increase profits Thus, expanding the geographical borders is means – maximizing profits and minimizing risks. Starting as a domestic company that manufactured passenger cars, the Toyota Company has managed to occupy leading positions on the world market. Its first model passenger car was around 3,500 yen that was cheaper than analogues offered by General Motors or Ford. Another significant push for making business globally is related to company’s marketing campaigns and strategies that are developed locally. It helps to adjust business to local demands with the quality and reputation of the brand. The Toyota Company makes a huge emphasis on its philosophy and corporate culture. They pose themselves as modest brand that provides quality products. The product line embraces all different types of vehicles, from small, luxury to big-size trucks. It closely coincides with customer demand. Innovation is one of the major factors that attract customers. The company implements its innovations through the creation of vehicles that have unique characteristics because of optimization and differentiation on the regional level. Another peculiar feature of Toyota on an automobile market related to innovations is realized through creation of basic high-quality parts that are cross-usable in different products (Thompson, 2014). Expanding means establishing its production within a specific region and thus, it affects the budget and as a result – profit. Over the course of its development up to this date, the Toyota Company consists of 540 consolidated subsidiaries and 226 affiliates worldwide with 333,498 members of employed staff as of March 2014. To sum up above, Toyota has managed to become a flagman in an automobile industry via innovative approach to manufacture a variety of products that fit into different categories of customer segment. Besides, the Company has a highly developed and successful marketing course of development that helped to enter foreign markets and adjust to its rules. 2. The competitive advantage of Toyota can be explained by Porter’s model Threat of New Entry (Weak): Large amÐ ¾unt of capital required High retaliatiÐ ¾n pÐ ¾ssible from existing cÐ ¾mpanies, if new entrants wÐ ¾uld bring innÐ ¾vative prÐ ¾ducts and ideas to the industry; Few legal barriers prÐ ¾tect cÐ ¾mpany from new entrants; The company has established brand image and reputation; Products are mainly differentiated by design and engineering quality; New entrant could easily access suppliers and distributors; It is very hard to achieve economies of scale for small companies; GÐ ¾vernments Ð ¾ften prÐ ¾tect their home markets by intrÐ ¾ducing high import taxes; Supplier power (Weak): Large number of suppliers; Some suppliers are large but the most of them are pretty small; Company uses another type of material (use one metal instead of another) but only to some extent (plastic instead of metal); Materials widely accessible; Suppliers do not pose any threat of forward integration; Buyer power (Strong): There are many buyers; Most of the buyers are individuals that buy one car, but corporates or governments usually buy large fleets and can bargain for lower prices; Buyers are price sensitive and their decision is often based on how much does a vehicle cost; Buyers do not threaten backward integration; Threat of Substitutes (Weak): There are many alternative types of transportation, such as bicycles, motorcycles, trains, buses or planes; Substitutes can rarely offer the same convenience; Alternative types of transportation almost always cost less and sometimes are more environment friendly; Competitive Rivalry (Very Strong): Moderate number of competitors; If a firm would decide to leave an industry it would incur huge losses, so most of the time it either bankrupts or stays in automotive industry for the lifetime; Industry is very large but matured; Size of competing firm’s varying but they usually compete for different consumer segments; Customers are loyal to their brands; There is moderate threat of being acquired by a competitor; (Nkomo, 2013, p.4). 3. External environmental factors are important for the proper growth, which leads to occupation of leading position on domestic and later on global markets. Toyota has managed to achieve success via thorough guidelines and principles of business that were created within the company. While entering business, especially automobile industry it is not enough to know competitors, one should have clear understanding of what advantages your company has over others on a market; thus, it shows ways for improvement. The Toyota Company has become a leader on the market not in one day. In 2012, the Toyota Motors Corporation was recognized as the largest automobile manufacturer in the world, with the reported production of 200-millionth vehicle in the middle of that year. Its annual production of vehicles reaches 10 million. The biggest share of its success belongs to production system, known as â€Å"lean manufacturing system† or â€Å"just-in-time system† that has become popular worldwide and thus, studied. The system functions in the way of producing vehicles ordered by customers in the quickest and the most efficient way. The method helps to deliver vehicles in a short period. Firstly, it explains the significant number of factories all over the world that work for a specific region. Secondly, this approach helps to establish so-called communication with customers and ability to be flexible in fast-changing tastes and trends. Economic factors are also important for the company’s growth. The economic system and policies, nature of the economy of the country, trade cycles, level and distribution of income define the economic environment of the company (Jain et al., 2006). One of the examples, describing mentioned above is connected with Toyota entering North American market. The company has entered the market with its small passenger cars that were cheaper that those of competitors. During the oil crisis in 1970s, the Toyota was able to respond to customer demand for small cars with improved fuel economy while competitors were producing small cars of lower quality. It shows that the Company had healthy and fast-responding solution to the situation both on a global scale (oil crisis) and customer demand within a region (small cars with effective fuel consumption). Socioeconomic factors are related to the brand’s features – quality, reliability and durability. Over a span of time, the Toyota has become the most trusted vehicle manufacturer in the world. After launching a luxury line, it had become a symbol of status. Toyota’s input into socioeconomic development of every country always associates with respect. The laws of a country are valued by fair corporate actions from senior management. Thus, Toyota has gained general recognition from the society. Company’s priorities in each country combine awareness of traffic laws and work-life balance for its employees. Financial performance of Toyota is determined as outperformed. During the last five years, total assets increased 586.8 billion yen to 3,243.8 billion yen that can be explained in terms of an increase in market value of investment securities. Liabilities grew due to an increase in deferred tax liabilities. Net assets growth is estimated at the level of 327.2 billion yen. Cash flow from operating activities rose due to posting income before income taxes. In comparison with the last fiscal year, net case has also grown. Cash flows from investing activities resulted in a decrease in cash of 274.2 billion yen, resulted by increase in payments for purchases of property, plant and equipment (Toyota Industries: Financial Summary, 2013). When analyzing Toyota’s presence in the US market, for example, it is important to highlight that Toyota has minimum political and legal implications. It is connected with company does not have to deal with unions has minimal financial burden along with the retirement and financial plans. There is no need for the company to splurge budgets on legal costs associated with its operations and health care expenditures. The government within the country where the company runs its business outlines legal framework for the Toyota. In the United States, there are laws that are directly applied for the company – competition, consumer protection or taxation and emission laws. Physical factors are associated with challenges that company has faced while being among the leaders in automobile manufacturing. These are forces that have a direct impact on plans, strategies and decisions made by the company. Challenges embrace the wide spectrum of spheres including: intense and high competition economic crisis of 2008 malfunction of products (Camry Solara and Lexus, four million of which were recalled by the company; 2009-2010 the Company recalled around eight million cars and trucks manufactured in the US) Political environment of the Toyota Company is affected by the decisions related to marketing and thus, development of new products. Despite of the geographical location, companies are still vulnerable to a political environment within a specific country. However, states are interested in maintaining companies inside of the country as they give working places and are subject to taxation. With its number of consolidated companies and affiliates, the Toyota Company belongs to the bunch that is protected by local governments with further creation of competition on the market, adding customer values. Sociocultural factors refer to the influence of certain social and cultural factors on an organisation. The factors influencing the social environment of an organization are usually beyond the control of the Toyota Company and may include the following: attitude of people to work, religion, cast etc. The Toyota Company has established The Toyota Way internal principles and guidelines for its employees. The staff has to embrace and follow five principles: challenge, improvement, go and see, respect and teamwork. A lot of work is done by creating comfortable conditions for local staff and creating opportunities via incentives and programs aimed at growth both personal and professional. The Company has launched Corporate Citizenship program that includes environmental awareness, traffic safety, education and input into the society by volunteering. Technological environment is a driving force for future development. Toyota spends a lot of time working on technological advance and production of products of the highest quality. For example, back in 1997 the company was the first who launched mass production of hybrid electric vehicles (Toyota Prius). Technological environment means the creation of cars that are popular with consumers. They are popular because of safety of its products, environmental issue, and engagement with intelligent transport systems outside of the vehicle. For example, Corolla model that is present on the market for over 17 years has been attractive to customers due to important features such as gas expenditure and low maintain cost (Flynn, 2013). The Toyota is one of the leaders on automobile market and industry as well. Success coincides with some of the challenges that the company had to face in the mid 2000s related to technical malfunctions of its products. It took many resources, tangible and intangible in order to solve these issues and restore its reputation. The biggest achievement of Toyota is an ability the products of Toyota to be beneficial for the society and environment at the same time. Over the time, the company has gained success on the market leading to the constant demand of its product, thus, profit as well. The Company always seeks new ways in technology to improve its products, which is promising for company’s career. Recommendations Toyota Motor Corporation should seek ways to detect bugs while products are not sold to the end consumers. It will enable efficient control and responsibility. Business expansion is possible in new emerging economies. For it, Toyota has to be flexible and responsive to local market demands. Emerging economies are new horizons to be discovered by Toyota. The Company should pursue its innovative approach towards environmentally-sound products not only in automobile industry.

How to Publish a Book a Comprehensive Guide - Freewrite Store

How to Publish a Book a Comprehensive Guide - Freewrite Store Before you start Congratulations – you did it! You wrote a book (if you haven't yet, check out this article with 10 steps to follow). Pat yourself on the back and take a few moments to acknowledge what you’ve achieved. Okay, what next? Writing your book is just the first step in your journey to becoming a published author. It’s a journey that ends with your book in the hands (or on the device) of your audience – your readers.   Publishing has come a long way in recent years, with more options available to authors than ever before. You can choose to go down the traditional route with a publishing house, or you can self-publish your book in printed or electronic form (or both). Both processes have pros and cons, and both can be extremely successful when they’re done the right way. Whether you’ve already decided which path to take, or you’re still trying to make up your mind, here’s a helpful guide on how to publish your book. Keep reading: 10 Writing Submission Strategies to Get You Published Before you start You’re probably raring to get your book out there, but before you release it into the wild, it’s important to get it reviewed. Firstly, it’s a good idea to give it to a couple of ‘beta readers’ who are willing to give you honest, constructive feedback. They will be able to help you identify if there are any gaping holes in your plot or parts of the story that don’t make sense. Keep reading: Story vs. Plot Once you’re sure your narrative is solid, it’s helpful to engage a good copy editor to weed out any bad spelling, grammar, awkward sentence structure, and offensive terms or jargon. If you can’t afford a full copy edit, a thorough proofread is the next best option. You can find editors and proofreaders at reasonable rates on e-lancing sites like Fiverr, Upworkand Freelancer. Of course, you can edit your own work, too, but don’t underestimate the advantage that comes with a fresh pair of eyes. Keep reading: 3 Ways to Expedite Your Editing Process How to prepare your manuscript Whichever method of publishing you decide to pursue, the first thing you need to do is prepare your manuscript to the correct standards. Criteria will differ depending on the publishing method and the individual publisher’s requirements. Most publishers list them on their website, and it’s important to follow their instructions carefully if you want them to look at your book. For traditional books, most publishers like you to set your manuscript up on an A4 document with 3cm margins using left-aligned 12-point Times New Roman text. Use a single space between sentences and double-space your lines with no extra lines between paragraphs. Begin each chapter on a new page and indent each paragraph or section of dialogue. Make sure each page is numbered, and your title and your name are in the header. Don’t forget to include a title page with the name of your story, the word count, and your contact details. How to get an agent A lot of traditional publishing houses don’t accept unsolicited manuscripts, so it’s a good idea to get yourself a literary agent to handle that side of things for you. Google literary agencies in your area and check if they have any agents who are open to submissions and have an interest in your genre. Once you find someone who seems like a good match, you’ll need to prepare your submission to send to them. Often the agency will have guidelines on their website detailing what they want from you, but if not, it’s safe to assume they will accept a query letter, a synopsis, and the first three chapters of your book. Your query letter should be a one-page, clearly written letter that introduces you and your book. Describe why you’d like to work with that agent, include your book’s premise and word count, and finish with a sentence or two about yourself. Your synopsis should be around 500 words that summarise the plot of your book and the emotional journey of your characters in straightforward language. It’s a description – not a sales pitch. Start by sending your submission to between ten and fifteen agents and be open to their feedback, both positive and negative, when they respond. If you get very few responses, you may need to review your story to see why it’s not hooking people in. However, don’t give up after the first few rejections. Literary agents turn down submissions for a huge number of reasons, including being too busy or having lots of other similar submissions. If you’re getting warm, encouraging feedback with their rejections, then keep trying! Once you’ve secured an agent, it’s their job to sell your manuscript to a publisher. If your agent is successful, the publisher will buy the rights to market your book. Normally, you’ll receive an upfront payment (although it may not be large) and a proportion of the royalties from sales. The publisher will then handle the production and marketing of your book, and, all going well, you’ll see it in bookstores and may receive some written reviews. The great part about traditional publishing is that once you’ve sold your book to the publisher, they do all the hard work getting it to market. The downside is that you hand over control of your work to a third party, and they take a significant share of the profits. How to self-publish your book Self-publishing has become increasingly popular as online platforms like Amazon’s Kindle Direct Publishing have made it easier than ever to sell your work to a global audience with little to no investment up-front. If you write in a genre or format that doesn’t typically generate much interest in traditional publishing circles, you want speed to market, or you just prefer the concept of being in control of every aspect of your publishing career, then self-publishing could be the best option for you. Just like traditional publishing, you’ll need to get your manuscript into tip-top shape before you unleash it upon the world. Getting your book edited properly is especially important in the self-publishing arena because you won’t have a publishing house’s own editors reviewing it before it’s released, as you would if you went down the traditional publishing route. You’ll also need to get a cover designed. If you’re selling through large platforms like Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing or Barnes Noble Press, your cover thumbnail will be competing with dozens of others on the same page, so it needs to stand out and entice the reader to click on it. Unless you’ve got good graphic design skills, it’s worth paying a designer to create an eye-catching cover that will do your book justice. If you opt to do it yourself using a design app like Canva, make sure you use royalty-free images (or purchase the correct rights for the use of the stock image you choose). Next, you’ll need to write a great description of your book that sells your story and hooks the reader in. Your description should be around 600 words, and it’s essential that it be completely error-free. Nothing puts off a prospective reader faster than typos in the book description. Take some time to research the different e-book publishing options available to you and decide which one suits you best. Typically, e-book publishers won’t charge you to upload your book but will take a small percentage of your sales to cover the service that they’re providing to you. Some publishers also offer a print-on-demand service whereby your reader can order a hard copy, which will be printed at the time they order it, and the purchase price will cover the printing costs plus your profit. Some companies also offer you the ability to print your book in bulk, at cost, so that you can supply copies to local bookstores. Once you’ve selected which company you will use to publish your book, research their requirements for formatting your manuscript for upload. Some companies, like Amazon, provide an app that does it for you, while others require a bit more manual input. A cleanly laid out Word document is a good place to start and is compatible with most platforms. Before you upload your book, you’ll need to decide what metadata you will tag it with. Metadata are things like your book title, subtitle, author name, book description, and the categories and keywords with which you will tag your work, to will help people find your book when they search for a specific genre or topic. Check what your chosen platform’s metadata requirements are so you are well-prepared with optimal choices when the time comes to upload your book to their system. Once your self-published book is uploaded and ready for people to buy, it’s time to shout about it from the rooftops. Create yourself an online presence where you can engage with your audience – Facebook, Twitter and Instagram accounts are great places to start, and all can be set up for free. You can even create yourself a free website using services like Wix, Weeblyor WordPress, which have professional-looking built-in templates and easy-to-use interfaces. If you have a marketing budget, Facebook offers you a low-cost way of sending targeted ads to other users. What is vanity publishing and why should I avoid it? Vanity publishing (aka vanity press or subsidy publishing) is a form of self-publishing where the publisher asks you to pay them an up-front fee to get your book printed. The fee covers their production costs, plus a profit margin. Typically, they’ll accept any manuscript, regardless of quality, and will put in little to no effort to market your book, because they’ve already made their money. It’s unlikely your vanity-published book will ever make it into a bookstore, and you will struggle to recoup your investment. Many authors have lost thousands of dollars on vanity publishing. Remember, legitimate publishers will never ask you for money. They’ll only accept your book if they think that it’s great and they can market it. Then they’ll shoulder all the financial risk of getting it published. It’s in their best interests for your book to do well, because if it doesn’t sell, they don’t make their money back. In short, if you are approached by a publisher who invites you to submit your manuscript, asks you to pay them, and is vague about what they will deliver - don’t reply. It’s almost guaranteed to be a scam. So, now you know the next steps, and the traps to avoid, what are you waiting for? It’s time to get your book published!    About the author: Claire Wilkins is a freelance copywriter and editor from New Zealand. She loves to write about travel, health, home, and proper punctuation. After a career in financial services spanning almost three decades, Claire left the corporate world behind to start Unmistakable - her writing and editing business. She creates website copy, blogs, and newsletters for creative agencies and small businesses, and specialises in polishing existing content until it shines. In her spare time, Claire enjoys cloud-spotting, singing in the car and editing video.

Chaos Theory on Financial Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chaos Theory on Financial Forecasting - Essay Example According to the chaos theorists, chaos has two most important attributes which are both necessary for existence of a chaotic system but not sufficient; one, extreme sensitivity to its initial conditions (Ruelle, 2001:37-9), and two, complicated patterns of nonlinear relationships in it which are not truly random (James, 2003:123-6). The first attribute can be described in a way that as time progresses in a continuous chaotic system, the parameters are so distinctly determined that to reach (or to predict) a certain desired point, knowledge of the initial starting point of system gains extreme importance. A meteorologist named Edward Lorenz, who was trying to predict, first observed this factor weather conditions by using a computer simulation. He noticed that he made simple decimal mistakes that lead extreme distinct results as outcome (Lorenz, 1963:1-25). This was actually a hotspot in chaos theory history, which leaded scientists to think about fallacies made in the past by the us e of word "negligible". The other attribute maintains the properties of relationships among the parameters in a system. Today we know that without complex no linearity, the system will usually be predictable and will not be oversensitive on initial conditions as it depends on non-linear scenarios. Some common misunderstanding among daily use of the word "chaos" mainly appears because of its literal meaning as lack of order. Contrary to this misnomer, in most cases systems that show a pattern of deterministic chaos are quite reared and even predictable on short time scales. Solution paths to chaotic systems are basically deterministic in their nature. Chaos theory generally assumes that, if complex interrelations among the particles of a system are known, then future movement of system is predictable. Regarding this property of chaotic systems, it is now possible or will be possible to find solutions to some problems in science that can't be solved before because of their complex nature. 2. Chaos Theory in Economics Throughout the development of economic theory, from Ancient Greek Philosophers to Today's sophisticated theorists; many different ideas shaped the evolution of economics. Although the assumptions, progress and results acquired are different, almost any theory has the same base point showing economics' as a unitary environment. The unitary term comes from the aspect of economy as being an entity that consists of sub-entities. These units are mainly the consumers and producers taking decisions to survive in the ecosystem of economics. It is an obvious fact that the decisions of particular objects in this system lead the way to the general movement of system. This nature of economics is the key feature that embraces Chaos Theory and economics, in the way that; Chaos Theory tries to explain, how does the behavior of small particles effects each other and the system as a whole and economics as being a social science that struggles with problems

Article analysis 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis 2 - Article Example The results of the study showed a different picture of what is usually assumed concerning marketing. This is shown below: Literature Review From the literature review of the article, we get to know that three factors namely price, product and promotions are used in ensuring that business operate efficiently and marketing campaigns are conducted effectively. The article makes an analysis of price and in fact talks of price being a major factor in terms of ensuring customer numbers are achieved. The article emphasis on the need for a good pricing model since price is responsible for generation of income (Etzel, 2004). Another important factor was promotion in that it determines the way people are informed of a certain brand, service of product. As a result, managers should make use of promotion methods that enhance brand perception such as messages which persuade, inform and linger in minds and hearts of consumers (Daniels, 2009). These factors influence the behaviour of consumers in d ifferent sections of the world and in relation to ChiangMai, the four P’s (Price, Product, Promotion and Place) are important in marketing tourism in the region. The place in this article looks into ChiangMai as a tourist destination with a lot of attractions to offer in terms of nature, culture and the hotel industry (Kandampully, 2007). Hotels in the region rely on the four P’s of marketing to enhance their product offering and thus some 19 hotels decided to conduct a research based on these factors. In this case, questionnaires were deployed for the purpose of conducting the study and these questionnaires were given to managers and hotel guests. Analysis The marketing study was done based on certain variables and the study measured the implementation of marketing practices of hotels and resorts against customer satisfaction levels based on product offering, pricing and promotions. In terms of ownership, the hotels in ChiangMai are either corporate or individually ow ned and this affects that way businesses are marketed. For instance, solely owned hotels have unlimited liability unlike corporations while age of the hotel is also a big factor since many of the hotels in ChiangMai have been operation for a long time. The products offered by these hotels were also surveyed and this included the rooms, types of services, size of rooms and it was found out that most of the hotels offer both sleep and food services (Swarbrooke, 2012). In the process of serving customers, the data analysis revealed that offering food in addition to lodging created better revenues. Apart from offering good products, the services that were offered by ChiangMai’s hotels were superior in the fact that the managers considered services such good hygiene, prompt and courteous service were highly considered in marketing. However, it is the level of implementation the marketing strategies and goals that was important in the process of undertaking this study. In terms of making use of price factor, most hotel managers made use fair pricing systems to attract customers (Sangkaworn, 2008). However, promotion was considered among the high priorities of managers in terms of marketing since hotels made use of friendly gestures and hospitality to attract and retain customers. When the two set of factors were correlated for the purposes of the study, it was found out

Essay on Female Companions in The Awakening and A Dolls House

Importance of Female Companions in The Awakening and A Doll's House      Ã‚  Ã‚   Female companions are very important to the development of the main characters in Kate Chopin's The Awakening and in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House. Mademoiselle Reisz and Madame Ratignolle, in The Awakening, and Kristine Linde, in A Doll House, help Edna Pontellier and Nora Helmer discover their inner selves.    Mademoiselle Reisz, Madame Ratignolle, and Kristine Linde all act as role models for the protagonists. Edna deeply admires Mademoiselle Reisz's piano playing. When Edna hears Mademoiselle Reisz's playing, "the very passions themselves were aroused within her soul, swaying it, lashing it, as the waves daily beat upon her splendid body" (Chopin 35). Mademoiselle Reisz makes Edna see the strong emotions inside herself. Edna admires Madame Ratignolle's "comforting and outgoing nature" (Solomon 118). At the beginning of the novel, Edna wishes she could have Madame Ratignolle's easygoing nature.    Kristine Linde is a role model for Nora because of her independence. Kristine Linde has suppo...

Bureaucratic Politics and Intelligence in the Falklands War 1982 Essay

The Farklands war began on Friday, 2 April 1982. The fight was between Argentina and the United Kingdom (UK). The main dispute was over Farklands Islands and South Georgia and the other Islands known as South Sandwich. The fatalities of the violence included many people such as left-wing activists, trade unionists, students and even journalists. The Farkland Island was well known for its abundant supply of oil within its territorial waters. Argentina had already occupied the islands which was a British colony. Their main aim was to relocate attention from economical and social problems at that particular time (Grant, 2000, 3). Therefore, it was a political contrive by the Argentine political government to break away from its own state of social conflicts. Jorge Rafael Videla’s military dictatorship as part of the Operation Condor carried out the state terrorism. The Farklands conflict marked the great use of modern weapon systems under the military theorists. All the main elements of military theory came into practice at that period. This included several elements such as public enthusiasm, national determination, opportunity and miscalculation. Additionally, the war was itself an inquisitive combination of modern high-tech warfare and low-tech. The British forces were much outnumbered on the war ground. They never had the exact air true covers and only what they had was the aircraft that came with the task force. The bureaucratic politics played a major role in ensuring the victory of the British during the Farklands war. For instance, four factors are said to have neccessitated the British success. This includes, effective and sufficient training of the military, good leadership by the political leaders who gave them a lot of support, courage in the army and above all the Britain’s closest supporter, the United States. The endorsement of the United State’s policy towards the Farklands conflict provides an adequate evidence of how bureaucratic politics was involved during the war. The proper response of the above mentioned policy was properly constituted and played at the highest levels of the Reagan administration. The process was mainly confined entirely to the executive branch which was by that time dominated by the conformist view of the America’s place in the whole world. On the other hand, Graham T. Allison’s bureaucratic politics did not support the acceptance of the foreign policy goals. The president Reagan’s leadership style, the relationship of assorted personalities, conflicting interpretations of national interest and the opposing bureaucratic imperatives played a main role in creating a situation that was being characterized by disperse power and multiple actions in the war (Gustafson, 1998, 14). During the 1982 Falklands war, the Thatcher government attempted to assume an isolated and remote colony in the South Atlantic as British sovereign territory was very important in ensuring the mobilization of the media and also the support for the war recovery campaign. The re-imaginative process also included the role of the rural imagery. Additionally, the government-imposed censorship enhanced positive reporting of the war campaign. During the Falklands war, there were some negotiations between the two sides to avoid war but an agreement was never reached. This means that the use of diplomacy had failed in the Falklands Islands (Mauro, nd, 3). The main reason that constituted to this disagreement is that, there was a lot of misconstruction between the British and the Argentines. For instance, The Argentines never believed that the British would retaliate and on the other hand, the British always fought to believe that Argentina wanted a peaceful solution. Regarding the president’s personalities they were required to remain and appear very strong in terms of the diplomatic principles. The diplomatic solution was however not reached in the Falklands due to the political self-preservation, practical obstructions and diplomatic principle that were being practiced by the political leaders. During that time of war, the Argentina’s rulers were under the General Galtieri, a murderous, unpopular military junta. When they invaded the Falklands islands, they decided to make themselves less unpopular at home with the forces of Argentine prejudice behind them. This enabled them to be aware of all what was happening in the world around them and support Galtieri invasion and occupation. Margaret Thatcher together with her government in Britain was at that particular time very unpopular at home too. As a result of 1982 defeat, a vicious and incompetent dictatorship was overthrown in Argentina and then democracy was restored back (Robert, 1988, 428). The army was subjected to a civilian rule and was also transformed into modern professional institutions that were devoted to regional integration and peace. The Role of Intelligence in Explaining the War of Falklands 1982. The Britain intelligence professionals disregarded signs of political unrest and particular military intelligence communications from Argentina. As a result of their ignorance, they were vulnerable to surprise attacks. Another factor that contributed to the acceleration of the Falkland conflict was the neglected United State diplomatic efforts and reactions. The British were enjoying the privilege to access the U. S intelligence in their policy making. Intelligence was only considered to be the main determining factor in making of foreign policy that was being used during the war (Justin, 2007, 6). Application of intelligence enabled the successful conduct of the military operations of the Britain and the Argentina government. Domestic ratification of international agreement which seemed so much peculiar was applied during the Farkland war. In win-set game theory, the agreement was only possible if those win-sets overlaps and the larger each win-set and more probably they overlap. However, the smaller the win-sets, the more the risk those negotiations between the parties will finally break down. This was the same case that applied during the prolonged pre-war Anglo-Argentine conciliation over the Farklands islands. Tentative agreements were opposed in one capital or the other. This was mainly caused by political reasons when it became vivid that the earlier British and Argentine win-sets did not overlap at. As a result, the war became virtually inevitable. The negotiations were interpreted in terms of a bureaucratic politics model of level 11 politicking The armed forces of Britain were much closer to those of the United States and their air forces worked together during the Falklands war. The Britain also had well collaboration of weapons programme which was very strong in the nuclear area (Sean, 2007, 9). Additionally, there was much co-operation on human intelligence between Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Britain’s Secret Intelligence service (SIS). The intelligence services included satellite photos, unmanned aerial vehicles and other defense intelligence staff. Therefore, the Britain found it much easier to re-conquer Falklands because of the American intelligence. The Argentines used up-to date intelligence together with their detailed skills and knowledge. For instance, the Argentine ships were sailing to and around the Falkland Islands testing the Argentine defenses. During the Falklands conflict, France seemed to be very helpful to the Britain in support of intelligence. For instance, President Mitterrand instructed the French intelligence services to help the Britain track the movements of an Argentine ship that sailed close to France and Spain and was suspected of trying to get French-made military hardware. Additionally, the selective discharges of French signals intelligence were of great benefit to the Britain during the Falklands war. References Gustafson, L 1988, The Sovereignty Dispute over the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands, Oxford University Press, New York Justin, V 2007, Argentina and Britain: the lessons of war, viewed 5 August 2010 from Mauro, J nd, The Falklands Islands War: Diplomatic Failure in April 1982. Wake forest University, viewed on 5 August 2010 from Robert, D 1988, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-level Game. International Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, p. 427-460. Viewed 5 August 2010 from Sean, M 2007, Some Reflections on the Falklands War and the Kitsch-left Now Viewed on 5 August 2010 from Grant, C 2000, Intimate Relations, viewed 5 August 2010 from

Analysis On Love And Gold By Arlie Russell Hochschild

Charlotte McCarthy Prof. Rifkin 10.30.17 Choice Versus Coercion In Arlie Russell Hochschild’s, â€Å"Love and Gold,† she depicts the economic influences that turn choices of mothers in Third World countries into a precondition. Similarly, in Toni Morrison’s, Sula, a recurring theme of the struggle between independence, the ability to choose, and doing what’s best for others, or coerced decisions, is imminent throughout the entire novel and revolved around the main character, Sula. Often times the factor that weighs down choice is responsibility. Choices are seemingly infinite until you factor in what choices will affect which people and why. Both mothers and caregivers have to put their dependent before themselves, therefore limiting their†¦show more content†¦This large disparity in pay encourages the discerning idea that children living in the Third World might be better off without a mother physically with them. Survival is dependent on funds for necessities rather than love and affec tion. When mothers can’t provide both money and affection for their family simultaneously, they face reality and choose one. And while it may be sad, the obvious choice is that which will nourish their family more effectively, money. While these mothers choose to move to First world countries, no other wants to abandon their children, Hochschild says, â€Å"most [mothers] feel the separation acutely, expressing guilt and remorse to the researchers who interview them† (Hochschild 21). However, economic predicaments coerce these choices. Hochschild depicts these economically coerced choices by sharing the story Rowena Bautista a Filipino mother who left her own children to nanny two new children in the United States. By choosing to provide for her family Rowena has consequently missed watching her children grow up. She has even missed holidays with her children, and in turn, the bond between her and her children suffers. While First World mothers are returning to work to provide for their children, Third World immigrant caregivers are filling