What Are Androgenic Anabolic Steroids - 1601 Words

INTRODUCTION What are Androgenic-Anabolic Steroids? Androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) are synthetic derivatives of the male hormone testosterone. Testosterone is produced in the Leydig cells of the testes. Scientist have tried to reproduce a synthetic form of this hormone since the early 1900s. As early as 1935, the production of synthetic hormones has been possible. These hormones have two distinct effects. The androgenic effects which produce the development of the male characteristics such as hair and beard growth, deepened voice, and increased strength. The anabolic effects cause protein synthesis and inhibit the breakdown of proteins. This leads to increased muscle size, strength, and quicker recovery with proper workout routines. The primary medical uses of these compounds are to treat delayed puberty, some types of impotence, and wasting of the body caused by HIV infection or other diseases. How Do Steroids Work Different steroids may have different functions but they all work in a similar fashion. The primary method of action involves stimulation of receptors within the muscle cells which activates specific genes. This is known as a â€Å"genomic effect† since it involves gene transcription, or the copying of a strand of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). When a steroid is taken by mouth or by an injection, it travels to an androgen receptor which is located with certain cells. The connection between the drug and the receptor activates a process which createsShow MoreRelatedAnabolic Androgenic Steroids Is A Huge Problem Among Today s Athletes857 Words   |  4 PagesComposition Mrs. Vidden 14 January 2015 Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse in Professional Sports Anabolic-androgenic steroids are a huge problem amongst today’s athletes. The use of these drugs has been around for many years in sports. Understanding anabolic-androgenic steroids and why people take them is needed in the process of trying to eliminate them from professional sports. Also, players knowing and understanding how the negatives of anabolic-androgenic steroid use outweigh the positives will hopefullyRead MoreAnabolic Androgenic Steroids : The Miracle Working Products That Help Athletes Or Any Physically Active Person936 Words   |  4 Pages to enhance their performance (Powers, p. 569). An example of an ergogenic aid is anabolic-androgenic steroids, which are known to build and strengthen the muscle. Athletes who chose to take anabolic-androgenic steroids can choose to either take it orally or inject it within their muscle, to try to enhance their performance within their respective sport. The type of performance that the anabolic-androgenic steroids would like ly show improvement in are by increased muscle mass and striated muscleRead MoreAnabolic Steroids Have On The Body1637 Words   |  7 PagesAnabolic androgenic steroids are a synthetic version of testosterone which one injects into the body. There are many different types of steroids however the most commonly abused are stimulants, HGH (Human Growth Hormone), diuretics, and testosterone. Although the body naturally produces testosterone many athletes, especially bodybuilders, take steroids to increase lean muscle mass, strength, and performance. Anabolic androgenic steroids are a controversial topic within sports. The main concern withRead MoreAbstract. Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Are Ergogenic Resources1723 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Anabolic Androgenic Steroids are ergogenic resources commonly used by athletes in search of better achievement performances. However, the use of these substances by non-athletes, for aesthetic purposes, have become a growing problem in gyms and sports centers. This conduct has favored the indiscriminate and abusive use of these steroids, exposing its users to health risks. Anabolic steroids are a subset of androgens, namely, synthetic compounds derived from testosterone, developed for therapeuticRead MoreA Brief Note On The Aids And Its Effects On The Body1534 Words   |  7 Pagesuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are the synthetic form of testosterone, the male hormone. Anabolic steroids have been used over time as legal prescriptions for conditions brought about by the deficiency of steroid hormone leading to a delayed puberty or diseases that cause a loss in body mass such as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and various forms of can cer. Despite the good therapeutic benefits offered by the anabolic androgenic steroids, someRead MorePositive And Negative Effects Of Anabolic Steroids1199 Words   |  5 Pagessport. You might think steroids are the answer to your problem, but it isn’t that easy. There are many adverse effects from steroids, such as the destruction of your organs or your physical appearance. There are many more adverse effects to using steroids than positive ones. This is why it is very risky to use them. Before using them you need to know what steroids are and what happens to your body when you take them. Anabolic-androgenic steroids, also known as anabolic steroids, are a man-made versionRead MoreThe Steroids Epidemic Essay999 Words   |  4 Pages What is the first thing that comes to mind when steroids are discussed? Is it positive? Negative? What comes to mind for me is the vision of an extremely large man with bulging muscles like we see in bodybuilding competitions. These types of images are becoming extremely commonplace in society today, and also increasingly disturbing considering just a few short years ago the ‘bodybuilder’s body’ was just a niche in the sports world. But what drove this movement? There is no way toRead MoreSteroids Is Not The Ideal Choice For Many Health Reasons1554 Words   |  7 Pagesgames for using steroids† (History). The use of steroids has forever changed the world of professional sports, making it a world fueled by drug contacts instead of skill and talent. Steroids could possibly be legalized although ther e are many risks, people are caught everyday using steroids, people could be harmed from using steroids, and many negative consequences are caused from the use of steroids. Steroids are not the ideal choice for many health reasons. The use of steroids in men can causeRead MoreSteroids And Other Performance Enhancing Drugs1407 Words   |  6 PagesSteroids in Sports Introduction The debate over athletes using steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs has always been a hot-button issue in the sports world. From major league athletes in baseball and football; to track stars and bicyclist in the Olympics, the use of steroids in sports has been a wide-range problem. Those who disagree with the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs say that the athletes who use them are breaking the rules and getting an unfair advantage overRead More Steroids Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pages What are Steroids? Until the year 1935 scientists never knew that testosterone steroids were associated with an increase in muscle production. During the next two years scientists found through research with dogs that in certain circumstances steroids had an increase on muscle mass production. There are three major divisions of steroids: corticosteroids, estrogens and progestogens, androgens. Corticosteroids are found in both prescription and non-prescription creams that are used to control rashes

Final Reflection Planning Commentary Essay - 1076 Words

PHED 3670 Final Reflection Planning Commentary My college students were between the ages of 20 and 25. The class had prior knowledge of what occurs in a Health Physical Education classroom and some had even played a sport before. Moreover, my students had a high maturity level and knew to wear appropriate athletic wear. The prerequisites for this class was balance, coordination, leg strength, physical abilities, and developmental readiness. They were learning to play a variety of sports such as pickle ball, soccer, volleyball, and shot put. My students’ everyday experiences consisted of some form of physical activity being that they were majoring in Health Physical Education. All of my students were born in America and spoke English. Majority were either Christians or Catholics, however, religious was never discussed in the classroom setting. Likewise, majority if not all had a love for the games of football, basketball and badminton. The sports football and basketball is a part of their culture based on their geographical location. In order to plan my lessons, I used resources like PE Central, Openphysed.org, Teaching Physical Education for Learning, and YouTube. I identified my planning needs by using a lesson plan template. If I were to plan a curricular unit, it would be essential for the students to either have an interest or prior knowledge of the sport. The central focus would be being physically active while learning and improving on the skills. Notably, in myShow MoreRelatedEvaluating The Key Components Of Assessing Student Learning900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe edTPA requires to reach a level 5 score. The second component is to think about how to provide meaningful feedback to students. As it is evident, providing students with a â€Å"great job† commentary as feedback is as equally unuseful as providing them with a â€Å"badly done† commentary. Both of those commentaries lack details on what was doner righ or wrong, and they would be meaningless to students. Intead, the edTPA is open to detailed feedback in written, visual, or audio forms. Teachers can giveRead MoreQuestions On Assessing Student Learning978 Words   |  4 Pagesunder rubric 11–analysis of student learning. The second component is to think about how to provide meaningful feedback to students. As it is evident, providing students with a â€Å"great job† commentary as feedback is as equally unuseful as providing them with a â€Å"badly done† commentary. Both of those commentaries lack details on what was done righ or wrong, and they would be meaningless to students. Isntead, the edTPA is open to detailed feedback in written, visual, or audio forms. Teachers can giveRead MoreThe Events Of The Students916 Words   |  4 Pagesthe allotted time. Task 5 Reflection Commentary 1. When you consider the content learning of your students and the development of their academic language, what do you think explains the learning or differences in learning that you observed during the learning segment? Cite relevant research or theory that explains what you observed. (See Planning Commentary, prompt # 2.) (TPEs 7, 8, 13) All in all, I am proud of my students’ learning this unit. In the final assessment, 76% of the studentsRead MoreMedical Director For Ems Hospitals For Observation That Provide Different Shift Patterns1195 Words   |  5 Pagesclarifies questions, information needs and the final product format, and assigns roles and specific tasks so that all participants understand what is expected of them. The study is being built in accordance with cultural norms (allocation problem formulation problematic issue, posing the problem of research, etc.); involves a greater or lesser degree of ownership of the language and subject language meta-levels (description language research, language reflection on the procedures of research)(Creswell,Read MoreMassage5238 Words   |  21 PagesGuidelines for candidates These take the form of handouts which cover: 1 2 3 4 The investigation as a whole Planning Stage Developing Stage Evaluation Stage Handouts 1 and 2 could be distributed at the start of the investigation while the other two could be given to students once they completed the previous stage of their investigation and are ready to embark on the next part of the process. If desired, all could be handed out at the start of the investigation. Investigation In order to successfullyRead MoreThe Relationship Of A Young Working Class Hairdresser2206 Words   |  9 Pagescontext of 70’s England, and reflects the significant issues of that time, such as an economic gloom, with widespread inflation, low productivity, militant trade unionism and frequent strikes. Within the poem â€Å"A life† by Sylvia Plath is mainly a commentary poem illustrating how an individual’s life is split in two, one half revolving around society and the other half symbolising anything outside of the conformist nature of society. Throughout the play of Educating Rita, readers are first introducedRead MoreWorkplace Citizenship8908 Words   |  36 Pagesresources 10 Assignments 11 Overview of assignments 11 Submission of assignments 11 Extensions late submission 12 Grading guidelines 12 Copying plagiarism 13 Assignment 1 – Learning Reflections 14 Assignment 2 – Annotated Bibliography 16 Assignment 3 – PowerPoint Presentation 20 Assignment 4 – Final Essay 22 Your feedback 25 Student Evaluation of Learning and Teaching (SELT) 25 Support services and resources 25 External student information 25 Students with disabilities 25 AcademicRead MoreModule 3 : Planning For Instruction1790 Words   |  8 PagesModule 3: Planning for Instruction I will learn about and apply instructional strategies designed to deepen student understanding of new content. As a result, students will incorporate this deeper understanding into problem-solving strategies resulting in improved ability to solve multistep, open-ended problems. I intentionally employ a mix of instructional strategies in the classroom in order to give my students a variety of opportunities in which to engage themselves and each other with new contentRead Moreen1320 graded assignments 11131313296 Words   |  54 PagesExploration 9 Unit 2 Assignment 1: Change of Audience—Letter to Peer 10 Unit 2 Assignment 2: Topic, Angle, and Purpose 11 Unit 2 Assignment 3: Genre Essay—Memoir or Profile 12 Unit 3 Assignment 1: Revising the Memoir or Profile 13 Unit 3 Assignment 2: Reflection on Essay Writing 14 Unit 3 Exercise 1: Analyzing Paragraphs 15 Unit 3 Exercise 2: Guided Reading 16 Unit 4 Lab 1: Revised and Polished Essay—Memoir or Profile 21 Unit 4 Project Part 1: Team Roles and Selection of Materials for Analysis 22 Unit 4Read MoreHow Effective Communication And An Appropriate Leadership Style2195 Words   |  9 Pagescohesive unit, both ‘climbs’ enabled students to realistically experience the dynamics of an organized team, and the challenges which it may face. This report serves as an individual reflection on the Everest Simulation experience, while also critically analyzing the concept of communication and leadership. This reflection highlights how effective communication and an appropriate leadership style can not only significantly influence the outcome of the task, but also alter team dynamics and methods of

Aos Power †Lord of the Flies Free Essays

Related Text â€Å"Lord of the flies† 1. Summarize the main ideas/themes of the text. * The loss of innocence * The invariable corruption of power * Savagery vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Aos: Power – Lord of the Flies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Civilization * The reality of betrayal * ————————————————- The influence fear has on people ————————————————- Power is often a source of violence in  Lord of the Flies. The desire for power breaks down the boundaries set by rules and order, causes strife and competition, and governs the actions of many of the boys on the island. Once achieved, power has the ability to either improve or corrupt its holder. Ralph, the more noble of the two leaders on the island, is bettered by his position as chief; whereas Jack, the usurper, abuses his power for personal gain. ————————————————- There are several themes in â€Å"Lord of the flies†, including innocence, rules and order, fear, power, identity and religion. The text shows the audience to be more self-critical, that the fact not to believe in a good side of a human being and the fight for important values is what separates the human being from animals. The central theme of the text, Lord of the Flies, is power. The different aspects of power shown, is the invariable corruption of power, the reality of betrayal and the influence of fear. In the text, Jack is the antagonist, his like a dictator; he uses fear to control the boys on the island and manipulates them and uses them to his own advantage such as to get food and shelter. Jack uses a story of a non-existent beast to manipulate the other boys to follow his orders/ commands. The reason why the boys follow him and sees him as a leader is because he promised ‘protection from the beast’. A quote in the text that talks about the beast: â€Å"Fancy thinking the Beast was something you could hunt and kill! You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you? Close, close, close! I’m the reason why it’s no go? Why things are what they are? † 2. What does this text tell us about power? ————————————————- Power is often a source of violence in  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lord of the Flies†. In Lord of the Flies the idea of power is expressed this way, imagine a world where there were no rules, no laws, and no government to oversee the running of the country. The desire for power breaks down the boundaries set by rules and order, causes strife and competition, and governs the actions of many of the boys on the island. Once achieved, power has the ability to either improve or corrupt its holder. Ralph, the more noble of the two leaders on the island, is bettered by his position as chief; whereas Jack, the usurper, abuses his power for personal gain. This shows us two different sides of power. ————————————————- Power is often used as a source of violence in the text, â€Å"Lord of the Flies†. The idea of power is expressed differently; imagine a world where there were no rules, no laws, and no government to oversee the running of the country. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, to gain power was competitive which meant strife. The desire for power breaks down the boundaries set by rules and order. Being the leader meant governing a group of boys on an island. Whenever power is achieved, power was either improved or corrupted on the leader. For example, Ralph and Jack were leaders for separates groups of boys on the island, the boys had their own choice on who they wanted to follow. It was between Ralph, the more noble of the two leaders, who was the more acceptable or bettered as being ‘chief’ (leader) and coordinated the boys to build a miniature civilization on the island, and Jack, the usurper, who used fear and manipulation to abuse his power for personal gain. It was discussed amongst the boys, â€Å"Which is better–to have laws and agree, or to hunt and kill? † With one side that showed freedom and equality, the other was a dictatorship, the text showed two very different sides of power. 3. Comment on the film techniques employed by the composer of this text. How do they contribute to the meaning of Power in the text? Brook’s film opens with a very creepy montage consisting of pictures of a British boarding school intercut with planes flying over London with a haunting school chorus playing in the background. Brook’s use of grainy black-and-white photography, plus the lack of any comprehensive musical score (remember Tom Hanks’ â€Å"Castaway†? ), accentuates the bleakness of its surroundings and feelings of isolation. The movie can hardly be expected to capture fully every single intention of this highly complex novel (most don’t), but it does respect Golding’s words and captures the very essence of what he wanted to say. For that alone it should be applauded. Brook is able to compose beautiful sad visuals. ***SPOILERS*** These include the kinetic editing during the hunt for Ralph, Simon’s dead body floating in the water arranged by the sad school chorus (depressing moment), Piggy’s tragic demise that puts the 1990s remake laughable mirrored scene to shame, and the very scary feast that occurs at night followed by the dance. That scene, consisting of quick images, scary close-ups on the savages painted faces ————————————————- It is disturbing, haunting, and visually wonderful. ————————————————- In Peter Brook’s film, â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, released in 1963 was a black and white film. Although it was black and white film, it’s underrated and it’s still a classic, this is preferably better than the new remakes of this film. Some scenes are considered as disturbing and haunting but visually wonderful. Brook uses a very creepy montage in the opening scene showing pictures of a British boarding school with planes flying over London and a haunting school chorus playing in the background. Brooke uses grainy black and white photography and emphasizes the bleakness of its surroundings to create a feeling of isolation, which relates to a feeling of savagery vs. civilization. With Brook being able to compose beautiful sad visuals, he is able create the scene of Piggy’s tragedy with quick images, scary closer-up shots on the savages painted faces of the hunters (Jack’s tribe). This scene shows influence of fear, the invariable corruption of power/ losing control and a sense of savagery vs. civilization. 4. How does this text relate to your prescribed text i. e. George Orwell’s Animal Farm? Link each text by exploring three common aspects of Power. * well the power in the  lord of the flies  is jack’s rise to control and leadership. he leads an army of corrupt boys who carry out his evil orders (set the island on fire, orders to kill ralph, etc. ) * in animal farm, napoleon takes the power from snowball and forms a dictatorship. e also has minions such as the dogs who carry out his tasks and corrupt orders. ————————————————- Ralph represents a democracy while Jack represents a totalitarian form of leadership. lead the boys into savagery   ———————————â €”————- Want power, Greed or selfishness bring the destruction of the societies, ————————————————- In Animal Farm the animals hated the humans and were scared that they might take back the farm. Napoleon uses it as an excuse to keep the animals working. In Lord for the Flies the littluns are afraid of the â€Å"beast†. When Jack, Ralph, and Roger went and saw the beast, which is a parachute and a man, the biguns also got scared. ————————————————- The pigs took control and the other animals were in worst condition than they were in when the humans were in control. The boys ended up disagreeing and killing each other ————————————————- â€Å"Lord of the flies† is very similar to the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell. They relate with a common theme of power. However, both are from different context but written for the same reason, â€Å"Lord of the Flies† is a story of humanity from a navy officer, which served in WWII, while Animal Farm is based on the Russian Revolution. The plot, the characters and the symbols are very similar. Three common aspects of power in these texts is the want of power, the control of power, the reality of betrayal. The antagonist in each text, both want power and used a belief to manipulate the others. In Animal Farm Napoleon tells the other animals to hate the humans and they were scared that the humans might take the farm back. Whereas in â€Å"Lord of the flies†, Jack tells the littleuns that there is a ‘beast’ on the island and if they worked for him, he would provide them with protection. Another aspect is the control of power, in Animal Farm Napoleon takes the power from Snowball and forms a dictatorship. He uses the other animals to work for him, such as the dogs that carry out his tasks and corrupt orders. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, Jack rises to control and leadership. He carries out an army of corrupt boys to carry out his evil orders, similar to Animal Farm. Both Napoleon and Jack represent totalitarian forms of leadership. And lastly, the reality of betrayal was common in both texts. In Animal Farm the pigs had started to become like humans, wearing clothes, sleeping in beds, drinking alcohol and playing cards with humans in the farm house. The other animals saw them through a window and couldn’t tell whether they were pigs anymore or humans. In â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, Jack starts his own tribe with his hunters, the littleuns, he went to steal Piggy’s glasses, but Ralph went to look for it, then suddenly Jack stabs Ralph in the back, but luckily Ralph survived. How to cite Aos: Power – Lord of the Flies, Papers

Describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young peoples development free essay sample

Every child will come from a different family environment, culture and circumstances. There are a lot of families that will experience extreme changes and the school may not be informed that the child is going through something at home (for example; parents splitting up, moving house, bereavement etc) These can affect the children emotionally, their intellectual development and their behaviour due to the atmosphere at home and with family members. Pupils Health Children who suffer from poor health or a physical disability or impairment could then be restricted in their development opportunities (for example; for a child who suffers from a physically disability or impairment, they might not be able to join in with certain activities that other children can carry out easily, i. e. PE lessons) As well as it affecting the childs learning it may also restrict social activities. Emotional development could be impacted depending on the child’s knowledge of their own needs and for these reasons it is important that the adults in the school are fully aware of the circumstances so that the right support can then be given. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young peoples development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Poverty and deprivation These are very likely to have a large affect on the child’s development. Children that are from a deprived background and come to school are less likely to achieve as well as a child that is not from a deprived background (this is shown by statistics) as parents from a deprived background tend to  find it more difficult to manage their specific needs which in turn will affect areas of development this in turn will affect the childs response when in certain situations. Personal Choices Personal choices of children will affect their development as they grow older, when they decide on their own friendship groups, hobbies and academic involvement. Advice and support is needed from adults to then enable them to make the right choice which in turn suits them better. Care status If a child is in care or being looked after then this can sometimes affect their development in different ways. Normally in this situation the child will be closely monitored anyway, regular meetings will be arranged with the school to ensure that progress reaches the same standard as what is expected. Education There are children who have not been in education before coming to school (for example; from a different country where a formal education didnt start until a later age. ) Additional support may then be needed. Pupils are exposed to different circumstances/environment during their childhood. Many teenagers development may be affected too. Big changes that could happen and can affect others would be illness, moving house, families splitting up and these will then cause a difference in childrens responses. 2. 2 Recognising and responding to any concerns about a child’s development. If you have concerns about a childs development or wellbeing, you should always share it with someone (appropriate) of higher authority. With children in primary schools you should refer any concerns with the class teacher straight away followed by SENCO (Special Educational Needs Coordinator) whereas in secondary schools you should go straight to the latter, even if the concerns have already been brought up by others before, your complaint will not be ignored and it is still important to raise the issue again until the matter at hand is resolved. You will need to give dates, reasons for the concerns and examples of what has happened, so that everything can be backed up. If it’s a concern with the childs development in school or an issue with friends then the parents must be informed, there are different rules and regulations to follow if the concern is with parents/guardians/family members mistreating the child

Starbucks’ Mission Social Responsibility and Brand Strength Essay Sample free essay sample

Starbucks mission is to â€Å"inspire and foster the human spirit – one individual. one cup and one vicinity at a clip. † ( Starbucks ) These principals are how Starbucks have been socially responsible in their overall corporate scheme. Their scheme is to hold the highest quality merchandise. regard and self-respect towards their employees. human connexion with their clients supplying a stress free oasis. a positive add-on to vicinities and to go forth no footmark on our environment. A great portion of this scheme came from the manager of retail operations and selling. Howard Schultz. who joined Starbucks in 1982. Schultz saw firsthand his male parent work for an unsympathetic employer without any wellness benefits and wanted to alter that predicament for the working category household. In 1990 Starbuck’s senior executive squad created their mission statement and principals which would integrate Schultz’s rules. In their mission their concluding statement proclaimed â€Å"people first and net incomes last† with the figure one guiding principal of Starbucks was to â€Å"provide a great work environment and dainty each other with regard and self-respect. We will write a custom essay sample on Starbucks’ Mission: Social Responsibility and Brand Strength Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † ( Ferrell. Fraedrich. and Ferrell p 321 ) . Howard Schultz continues to be a public advocator for an increased consciousness of concern moralss. Starbucks strong concern moralss has paid off with Ethisphere ranking them in the top 100 ethical concerns or better stated in the rubric. â€Å"Most ethical companies 2012 – 100 co. ’s with a conscience† . ( InvestorPlace Staff 2012 ) Starbucks has been rated in the top 100 ethical concerns for the past six old ages. Starbucks is alone in being able to supply a high degree of benefits to its employees. sing that they provide benefits to portion clip employees and that their employees are non considered to be extremely educated. Most concerns that have a high degree of benefits for their employees are concerns with higher educated or skilled employees with a much higher wage graduated table than the employees of Starbucks. I think this is what makes them alone. My boy worked at Target for about two old ages while he was in college. the lone benefits he received wa s free ruddy Target sweatshirts or shirts when he worked Black Friday or was employee of the month. Although that did salvage him some money in buying required unvarying vesture. he was non given any wellness benefits or paid clip off in the two old ages he worked at that place. even though he was a full clip employee the last six months. When he asked for dental insurance because he was merely covered by our wellness insurance after he turned twenty two old ages old. they told him that he worked there long plenty and would be eligible for dental coverage. But a twelvemonth subsequently. he still did non have the dental coverage that they told him he qualified for. It makes me inquire how Target was listed in the â€Å"Most ethical companies 2012 – 100 co. ’s with a conscience† ( InvestorPlace Staff 2012 ) when his two old ages of employment there was 2011 and 2012. If I had known what I learned in this assignment about Starbucks when my boy was in college. I would hold encouraged him to work at Starbucks alternatively of Target. Ironically there is a Starbucks in the Target he works at. I believe that Starbucks has grown quickly because of its ethical and socially responsible activities and by supplying merchandises and an environment that clients want. The ambiance of Starbucks would non hold the environment that clients would desire if the employees were suffering and negative or if there was a big turnover. Starbucks can be likened to the local saloon. but functioning java alternatively of beer. even though they do non sit and speak to the waiter like the barman. holding a waiter that is a familiar face makes it so that the client can loosen up and experience like they are in a secure environment where they can run into with friends or entree the cyberspace. Besides. if Starbucks did non care about the quality of their java. people would non travel at that place. Not merely the ambiance in the Starbucks. but the ambiance exterior has been a major concern of Starbucks out for the since the early 1990’s. old ages before people started to even believe about what was go oning to our universe. All of the qualities that Starbucks strives for ; supplying the highest quality merchandise. regard and self-respect towards their employees. human connexion with their clients. supplying a stress free oasis. a positive add-on to vicinities and to go forth no footmark on our environment has contributed to its rapid growing and success. Beginnings Cited: Ferrell. O. C. . J. Fraedrich. and L. Ferrell. Business moralss. Ninth. Mason. Ohio: South-Western. 2011. Print. InvestorPlace Staff. ( 2012. March 21 ) . Most ethical companies 2012 – 100 co. ’s with a scruples. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //investorplace. com/2012/03/ethispheremost-ethical-companies-2012-list/ gt ; â€Å"Starbucks. † Our Starbucks Mission Statement. N. p. . Web. 10 Feb 2013. lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. starbucks. com/about-us/company-information/mission-statement gt ; .

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buy custom Medicare Managed Care essay In the United States, Medicare programs are in the rise as they are being favored by many researches carried out due to the presence of many and diverse Medicare challenges. The government of the United States has also played a significant role in the development of the Medicare programs. The Medicare managed-care plan is being encouraged in the United States because of the added coverage it has over the Medicare plans. Studies have been carried out and revealed that the Medicare Advantage Plan is a bit cheaper than the Medical Fee for Service even with its enhanced effectiveness and efficiency. A Medicare managed care is a plan for individuals to obtain coverage for their bills of health care, which is not paid for by the Medicare. The Medicare managed plans are the programs that are run by the health care agencies. They include the health maintenance organizations (HMOs) or the preferred provider organizations (PPOs), whereby, they are involved in the provision of Medicare covera ge as well as coverage left as gaps by the Medicare coverage. The Medigap polices provide basic Medicare in the same way as the Medicare managed care; and they can appear to replace each other. However, the Medicare managed care is different from the Medigap policies in the basis of its operation. While Medicare and Medigap policies will operate together to pay the client's medical bills, they have different extents to which they operate (Elliott Et al. 2011). While the jurisdiction of the Medigap polices will extend to the point of the coverage of the bills, the Medicare managed-care plans will go further than just the bill level. Other than providing the client's Medicare coverage, the Medicare managed care will include other coverage extending to the filing of Medicare coverage gaps. The managed-care plan controls the extent of the clients beyond Medicare, as well as the premiums size and copayment size. The managed-care plan is also the one that makes the decisions regarding p ayments for the clients treatment (Elliott Et al. 2011). The managed care is distinct in that the clients are left to agree on the specific hospitals, specific doctors and others in the network of the Medicare exchange aimed at reducing the costs of the overall healthcare costs. In the light of the provision for chances to choose on the part of the clients, the Medicare managed care provides a variety of provisions for the patients. For example, there is a Medicare managed-care plan that provides narrow limitations on consulting with specialists or accessing practitioners from outside the network. There are others that do not impose restrictions to the patients freedom in choosing the doctors to consult for their treatment. However, the premium charges for a particular Medicare managed-care plan vary with increasing trends inclined to expand the choice's ability of the client. In further pursuing of the economic implications of the Medicare managed care for the clients, it is nece ssary that individuals make some research on the available options in their area. It is essential that such individuals check on the adequacy of care, as well as costs for each particular healthcare managed care in the proposal. It is also necessary that the cost will include the doctors visits together with the prescribed drugs. There are several types of managed-care plans. The health maintenance organization (HMO), preferred provider organization (PPO), and provider sponsored organization (PSO) are some of the available types of managed-care plans. Out of the three aforementioned types of the Medicare managed-care plan, the HMO is the least expensive. The HMO is also popular for its restriction, which ranks higher than the others. Other than the Medicare Health Plan, individuals have a choice of Medicare Advantage Plan as a part of their Medicare. The Advantage Plans are, however, offered by the private companies, which are approved by Medicare. The Medicare Advantage Plan provides clients with all of their Part A and Part B coverage. In the Medicare field, the Hospital Insurance is referred to as Part A, while the Medical Insurance is Part B. Other than covering for the Hospital Insurance and Medical Insurance, some Medicare Advantage plans offer extra coverage that may include the coverage for hearing, dental, vision, and health and wellness programs. At the same time, the majority of the Medicare Advantage Plan will cater for Medicare prescription drug coverage (Part D). Basically, it is the Medicare that pays some fixed monthly installments to the Medicare Advantage Plan providers. The Medicare Plan Providers are entitled to follow some rules set by the Medicare. It is, however, common that each Medicare Advantage Plan imposes different extra costs, as well as different rules for their service provision. The clients subject to the rule of the Medicare Advantage Plan on whether they require a recommendation of seeing a specialist, or go to see a doctor alone. The cost analysis of a Medicare Advantage Plan involves various considerations. It is also notable that the clients are required to pay for their Part B premium, and some added monthly premiums for the included services. At the same time, each Medicare Advantage Plan has its unique, extra costs to the clients. Since the c lients subjected to a Medicare Advantage Plan have an option for obtaining their Medicare by Medicare Fee for Service, the cost considerations for the two available options can be looked upon by their various implications to the client. In case of Medicare Advantage Plan, the patients are obligated to go to a middle man, who is usually the assigned primary medical practitioner; although, sometimes they will go to the practitioner-nurse, prior to being sent to a specialist. This, in the eyes of many, can appear to be inconvenient. It can also mean a waste of the patients time. Opponents of Medicare Advantage Plan may argue that the patients are better placed if they see a specialist to obtain the needed Medicare. What the opponents of Medicare Advantage Plan fail to anticipate is the cases where the efforts of a specialist can be proved unnecessary, thus saving the patients' money and even time, not mentioning the inconveniences of operations and tests. There can be cases where th e patient may actually know whichspecialistcould be right for his problem.Even in such cases, it might not always be necessary for the patient toobtainan expensive service from the specialist. The Medicare Advantage Plan offers achancefor possibilities, as when a nurse-practitioner could have done as well as aspecialist, thus saving the patientsmoney. In the light of this, the Medicare Fee for Service is more expensive than the Medicare Advantage Plan. In many cases, Managed Care organizations carry out scrutiny for expensive procedures to ensure that they are necessary (McGuire, Newhouse Sinaiko, n.d). By scrutinizing the expensive procedures for the clients, the Medicare Advantage Plans are able to wedge into the gap between the patients desire or need and their economic pressures. Following the findings, the 30 per cent of surgeons recommended operations are not necessary; the intervention by the Medicare Advantage Plan comes at the right moment. As an example of the operations that managed care refuses to pay for is hysterectomy, the uterus removal. The basis for this refusal is the complaints about patients calling for hysterectomy, while they can successfully be treated with other less-expensive methods. Of course, this has ultra slim chances of occurring in Medicare Fee for Services, and thus becoming more expensive (McGuire, Newhouse Sinaiko, n.d). The Medicare Advantage Plan has the ability of eliminating expensive doctors and other medical practitioners from the lists of providers (McGuire, Newhouse Sinaiko, n.d). The way the Medicare Advantage Plans determine that particular doctors are overpriced is by the doctors ordering abnormal number of CAT scan, X-rays and laboratory procedures. The Medicare Advantage Plans organizations utilize the information technology to research on the effectiveness of the doctors they are to enroll in their lists of providers. By doing so, the Managed Care organizations obtain the benefits of eliminating high-price d doctors and also caution the remaining ones. In the case of Medicare Fee for Service, it is hard to obtain such levels of specializations, thus medical service remains expensive. The Medicare Advantage Plans organizations are also able to identify medical practitioners who have tendencies of offering significantly expensive medications. At the sametime, the doctors who over-exploit the hospital facilities are identifiable through the same procedure. Theoretically, the Medicare Advantage organizations obtain some levels or accuracy index of skills for the doctors engaged in their programs, especially for treatment of specific cases. It is agreeable that such studies are done rarely; on the contrary, the Medicare Fee for Services options will not provide such a service (Berenson Dowd, 2009). In notable cases, Medicare Advantage organizationsoperatetheir own health facilities in the rural areas. In such facilities, the staff and doctorsarecommonlypaidby the organizations. This elim inates the fee-for-service, whichis normally subjectedto the individual patients and is expensive.The collectively run health facilities enable cost-saving measures, such as technicians and nurse-practitioners carrying out theworkthat could otherwisebe doneby doctors.The Medicare Advantage Plans are, therefore, able tocutdown on the overall costs for the client members, making them a bit less expensive than the Medicare Fee for Services. Finally, the large enough number of members of the Medicare Advantage organizations enhances their bargaining powers (Berenson Dowd, 2009). The bargaining powerismostlyputin practice during the hospital and pharmaceutical negotiations. Where the Medicare Advantage Plancontractswith private and public hospitals for their membership, they are able toobtainflatdaily rates for the hospital charges andextendthecheapservices to their clients. Therefore, it isevidentthat the Medicare Advantage Plan is less expensive than the Medicare Fee for Services by the individual members withlimitedbargaining powers. The operators of the Medicare Fee for Services have the advantage of being exempted from network requirements for adequacy (Kaplan, 2011). This can have some economical implication, cutting down charges for the patients. While the Medicare Fee for Service is exempted from the requirements of network adequacy, the impact can be so minimal to the point of being significantly felt by the individual clients. Therefore, on the grounds of the aforementioned fact, the Medicare Fee for Services cannot be said to be less expensive than the Medicare Advantage Plan. Other than the Medicare Fee for Service providers being exempted from adequacy requirements for network, they also are subjected to fewer requirements, while they benefit from particular statutory and rules of administration. Nonetheless, this service is expected to cost less to the patients. The problem usually arises from the fact that the bargaining power of the patient is w eak. It can also be argued that most of the providers are private individuals who cannot afford to be everywhere treating all possible cases in terms of clients state of health. Therefore, the patients who go for Medicare Fee for Service will be subjected to more subjective operations than is the case with the patients opting for Medicare Advantage Plan (Kaplan, 2011). Research data by Medpac on preference of Medicare Fee for Services shows that they take more than three-quarters of the overall options available for Medicare beneficiaries. This indicates that the Medicare Fee for Services is gaining popularity despite its expectation of being expensive. However, in the same study by Medicare Payment Advisory Commission (MEDPAC) (2008), the Medicare Fee for Services accounted for 19 per cent of the total Medicare Advantage Plan enrollment. They actually accounted for 60 per cent of the 2006 to 2007 enrollment growth. Figures indicated that during the period from 2006 to 2007, Manage d-Care plan's enrollment remained flat (MEDPAC, 2008). The employers are also seen to be playing some significant roles in the Medicare Advantage Plan.It wasnoted in theemployer-only plan that the year 2008 tended tobehigher than other plans with a noted 108 percent. At the same time, the payments by the employer-only plans showed an average of 116 percent of the Fees for Service spending. The impacts of the employer-only plans to the Medicare Advantage are detrimental as they compromise the ability of the Medicare Advantage plans. Conclusion The Medicare Managed Care helps individuals to pay for their Medicare costs. The Medical Advantage plans have coverage on such health issues of the patients as visual, dental and hearing problems. These plans are being encouraged to be adapted currently. When Medicare Advantage Plan is compared to the Medicare Fee for Service, it has evidence of effectiveness and efficiency added to the fact that it is less expensive than the Medicare Fee for Service. Buy custom Medicare Managed Care essay

Safety Culture; Do Safety Incentives Really Work Research Paper - 1

Safety Culture; Do Safety Incentives Really Work - Research Paper Example The purpose of this project is to examine the fundamentals and background of the safety culture at business organizations. Assuming the role of an investigator, I anticipate that the project will meet the learning objectives of the study. These objectives pertain to the learning of safety culture, its purpose and significance, along with the achievements that the organization and employees will have from the various safety incentives. The secondary research and personal observation has been invested to conduct the research at hand. I have examined the concept and implementation of the safety culture in various large scale organizations. In the light of such observations, the study brings a greater knowledge of concept. Thus, the argument and research presented in the study depicts a greater understanding of the flexibility and purpose of the safety issues at the workplace. Every organization manages a particular culture regarding the business and work affairs at the workplace. Safety culture is just one similar part of the organization’s safety management connections. The term ‘Safety Culture’ is used to refer to the manner in which the workplace is managed for safety and protection. It frequently replicates "the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to safety" (Cox and Cox, 1991). It was after the Chernobyl disaster that the trend of the safety culture developed. The disaster brought into focus the significance of the safety culture and the effects and influence of the human and managerial elements upon the safety performance. INSAG in the year 1988 had introduced the usage of the term ‘safety culture’ in its ‘Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident’. In this report, the safety culture was originally defined as the assembly of

Should drilling be permitted in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Essay

Should drilling be permitted in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge - Essay Example This fact proves that our present domestic sources are not sufficient to meet the demands of our country. Considering the present increase in oil prices, the clamor for increase in domestic drilling has spiked the debate on allowing drilling in the Arctic Circle. Politicians have been divided on the issue with each side putting forth valid claims worthy of consideration and perusal. This paper explores the issue of whether or not drilling should be allowed in the Arctic Circle. It shall set forth this student’s position on the issue supported by firm and viable evidence from various researches. In order to lend objectivity to this paper, counter-arguments shall also be put forth, equally backed and supported by researches and relevant evidence. â€Å"The Arctic National Wildlife Reserve (ACWR) is the largest reserve and probably one of the most diverse areas in the National Wildlife Refuge System† (Burns, et.al., 2004). Oil exploration in the area started as early as the 1900s. Some parts of the Arctic Circle were declared as protected areas to safeguard the welfare of the wildlife in the arctic. Several oil explorers sought to drill oil in these protected areas, which prompted President James Carter in the 1970s to sign the Alaska National Interests Lands Conservation Act which effectively declared the area as wilderness, and therefore off limits to oil exploration. This area was designated as Area 1002. The oil drilling debate in the Arctic Circle is a typical battle between environmentalists and cost-effective minded politicians and interest groups. This student opposes oil drilling in the Arctic Circle. Research conducted at the Cornell University, revealed that drilling in the Arctic Circle would result to disastrous environmental consequences that would take years to undo and reverse. â€Å"Because a lot of the drilling would take place during the winter months,

Emuglents Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Emuglents - Assignment Example This means that the initial droplet size will drop from the value of 8 (though also highly dependent on applied energy). Furthermore, the creaming percentages will also reduce. This is due to the fact that an increase in emulgent concentration leads to a higher viscosity emulsion. This affects the speed of migration of the dispersed phase, and thus slows creaming and subsequent coalescence. After re-dispersion, the particulate size will be reduced. This is because, if the repulsion theory holds, some micelles may remain formed, and these will have a smaller size than the initial coalesced molecule size. The C4 has a large droplet size with a reducing creaming percentage. This is interesting, as it implies increasing stability of the emulsion. According to Stokes-Einstein equation (Chern 2008), it is clearly deducible. A droplet will float upwards at ever increasing speeds in response to the buoyancy force until the velocity is sufficient to allow the frictional force to exactly match it. When With the addition of a second emulgent, the viscosity may cause an increased coefficient of friction to a point whereby the emulsion C4 will be stable (unlike the other emulsions). This will drastically reduce the creaming and coalescence. The resultant particle size after eventual coalescence may be smaller due to the same factor of micelle

The Fear Of Sex Offenders Criminology Essay

The Fear Of Sex Offenders Criminology Essay In previous years, the fear of sex offenders has led the public to believe a fallacy regarding sex offender treatment. The public often start to view anyone who commits a sexual offence to be a high risk sex offender. Society need to understand that some sex offenders are low risk offenders who are very unlikely to reoffend again. The public will easily say sex offenders should be thrown in prison and never let out again however this is an inefficient way in helping offenders to stop committing crime. Crime overall is a major problem around the world and a controversial debate that often brings up more questions than it answers. Explaining these criminal behaviours has become more complex as researchers have become aware that crime is a more complicated and confusing situation than they have previously recognized (Burke,2005). This essay is intended to dispel the myth of the untreatable sex offender. In addition it will also cover and provide conclusive evidence from programmes that sex offender treatment is not only possible but to a large extent is successful in reducing the recidivism of sex offenders. Before this is examined, this paper will briefly define what a sex offender is, what derives people to become one and how the government has tried to prevent sex delinquents from re-offending. A sex offender is a person who has committed a sexual crime, an act which is prohibited by the jurisdiction. What constitutes a sex offence or normal and abnormal sexual behaviour varies over time and place (Pakes Winstone, 2007). Every country has a different perspective on sexual crimes which makes their legislation vary; even the age of consent to a sexual act is a culturally based construction. The age of consent median seems to range from 16 to 18 years, but laws stating ages ranging from 9 to 21 do exist. This means that in some countries sexual activity is illegal and in some it is legal. Many people tend to think sexual offending mainly relates to adult rape or child molestation (Pakes Winstones, 2007), but there are many other types of sex crimes such as lust murder, internet grooming, sexual harassment, incest, etc. It is very difficult to distinguish the difference between sex offenders with non-offenders. It is presumed that many sex offenders have various sexual abnormal fantasies or an unusual high sex drive (Elsevier, 2007-PRINTOUT). People tend to believe most sexual offences are committed by strangers but the truth is most victims know their attacker and also they are not any different to normal people (CSOM). Most sex offenders are not mentally ill as shown in this article Fewer than 5% of people who commit a sexual offence suffer from a psychotic mental illness (Nota). Many theories try to explain why people commit sexual offences. Since sexual deviance takes several forms, no single theory maybe adequate to account for all aspects (Blackburn, 1993), Ellis (1989) identifies two major theories which will underline the most common approaches to as why a person may want to become a sex offender. Social learning theory suggests people learn and get exposed to certain things in life in which the person start to believe it is the right way to live life. This theory focuses on childhood experiences, especially within the family by either getting victimised by an adult at home or by getting exposure to pornography at a young age. This experience might lead them to being insecure and make them want to be in power instead of being the one subjected. The second theory Ellis supports is the Evolutionary theory which can also be known as the biological theory. This theory connects with genetics and male aggression. There is lacking evidence to support any theor y. Getting victimized by a sex offender can be very traumatising and psychologically damaging. The public and media seem to only worry about two types of crime which are both sex crimes; sexually offending against women or children. Sex offenders have been increasingly a focus of attention by the criminal justice system over the past decade (Thomas, 2000). In recent years, many countries have started to change their laws regarding sex offenders. The criminal justice system is strengthening the legislation and revising punishments as the public believe it is too lenient. Before the Criminal justice Act 1991, the laws on sex offences were very old; coming back from the Sexual Offences Act 1956 (Pakes Winstone, 2007). Next came along the Sex Offenders Act 1997, this Act made it easier to manage, and identify the offender on community release. Sex offenders had to register their addresses and names with the police which helped manage and protect the public. It was mainly prepared to reduce the risk within the public so every sex offender can be monitored for up to 5 years. In 1998 the Crime and Disorder Act (Section 58), paid attention to extending the post-release supervision of sex offenders to a maximum of 10 years for a prison sentence of any length, and Section 2 introduced the Sex Offender Order. A sex offender order is a civil preventative order made by a magistrates court on application by the police. If the police consider that a sex offender has acted in a way that gives reasonable cause to believe that an order is necessary to protect the pu blic from serious harm by him, then they can apply for an order. The order may place a number of prohibitions as necessary to protect the public from serious harm by that person. For example, he might be prevented from entering childrens playgrounds or visiting swimming pools. The breach of any of these prohibitions carries a maximum penalty of five years imprisonment. ((This can be used to prevent sex offenders from going to specific locations))- legislation.go.uk)). Since this has taken place, the laws in 2003 changed which introduced longer sentences, which allow for lengthy periods of formal supervision in the community, and for high risk sex offenders the life sentence was put into effect (Pakes Winstones, 2007). The Sexual Criminal Act 2003 also redefined the meaning of rape by including penetration to the vagina, anus or mouth with his penis without lack of consent (legislation.co.uk). Internet grooming is defined to be illegal in this Act as well. This is when an adult trie s to arrange meetings and/or has sexual conversions online. So, what happens to those that are convicted? Nearly two-thirds of sex offenders immediately go to prison (Homeoffice, 2003c), the rest are taken care of by probation or supervision orders, fines and some are totally discharged. The ones who are convicted or charged are often required to record their names in the sex offender registry. These databases are classified into levels and are open to the public. A serious high risk sex offender must register for the rest of their lives whereas a low risk sex offender has to register for a certain period of time. There are many advantages and disadvantages of the Sex offender Registry. Some of the advantages are that the public can easily access information about sex offenders on the internet, citizens have the right to know if there is a sex offender in their area, and the right of innocent children and others to safety outweighs the right of sex offenders to privacy. The disadvantages are many records are often inaccurate or not updated, t his practice makes it hard for ex-offenders to look for a house or job and some seem to believe this information could lead to networking within sexual offenders. According to the Review of Sex offender Treatment Programmes (1998) the highest risk sex offenders appear to be characterised by the following factors: criminal history, convicted of diverse sexual offending (different victim ages, gender, or location), antisocial lifestyle, emotional loneliness, denial, psychopathic personality, low victim empathy and problem solving abilities and lastly sexually deviant arousal or fantasies. These criminals either being in prison, have been recently released from prison or have not been sent into prison at all run the same type of treatment programmes. A cognitive behavioural approach is mainly used or anti-libidinal medication (Perkins, 1998). The aim of the each programme is to challenge offenders distorted thoughts and reasoning in relation to their victims and to help manage their impulses by providing alternative courses of action which they view as being more rewarding (Worall Hoy, 2005). Many of the treatment programmes are taken place within group format unless the sex offender has a higher risk then it is a one-on-one basis. Sex offender treatment programmes require at least 80 hours of treatment (Evenden, 2008). In the last ten years, the British Prison Service has developed a largely group-based treatment programme for sex offenders to reduce crime rates (Thornton and Hogue, 1993), and this has led to the development of a national Sex Offender Treatment Progr amme (SOTP), which is now the largest of its kind in the world. The prison offender behaviour Programme Unit manages the SOTP. SOTP have made a criterion for all of the sex offenders in prison or attending programmes outside of prison. This criterion has ten characteristics which a sex offender treatment programme should have to be successful (Journal Site). Contains an explicit theoretical model of how the programme is meant to bring about change Includes a clear specification of the types of offender for whom the programme is intended Addresses a range of dynamic risk factors known to be associated with re-offending The treatment methods used are likely to have an impact on the targeted dynamic risk factors Skills are taught that will assist participants in avoiding criminal activities and facilitate their involvement in legitimate pursuits There is a rationale for the sequencing, intensity and duration of different programme components The programme is structured to maximize and sustain the engagement of participants There are clear links between the programme and the overall management of the offender There is provision to monitor programme integrity (is it being delivered as intended?) There is provision to evaluate the efficacy of the programme The main goal of the sex offender treatment programmes are that the person avoids committing another offence in the future. The offender must admit he is guilty for him or her to be a part of the program. It is a condition of acceptance into the programme, not agreeing is breaching the law and the offender can be sent back to prison. Many programmes follow this rule but it is not done everywhere. The programme expects the perpetrator to admit his mistakes, to talk about his unacceptable behaviour, expresses feelings, remorse for them and is agrees to apologize to the victim. To reduce reconviction rates many people suggest to also decrease the sexual arousal. Sexual arousal is one of the key factors which can lead to sex offending. Psychiatrists contribute to the treatment of sex offenders as well, not only prison officers and probation officers. Psychiatrists prescribe the medication, which has shown to reduce crime (Grublin, 2007). The most effective way to manage and supervise potentially dangerous offenders in the community is for the relevant agencies to work together. This partnership work is directed and governed by the national Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA). The MAPPA was created nationally on 1st April 2001. MAPPA works with a number of other agencies are under a duty to co-operate with the Responsible Authority. These include: Children Services, Adult Social Services, Health Trusts and Authorities, Youth Offending Teams, local housing authorities and certain registered social landlords, Jobcentre Plus, and electronic monitoring providers. The purposes of MAPPA are to ensure more comprehensive risk assessments are completed, taking advantage of co-ordinated information sharing across the agencies and to direct the available resources to best protect the public from serious harm. MAPPA deal with the management of sexual and violent offenders convicted by a court of a relevant offence or those whose behaviour poses a significant risk of harm to the public. After a comprehensive risk assessment, a system comprising three levels is used to make sure that those offenders who may pose the highest risk, receive the greatest degree of scrutiny and oversight. Who are the MAPPA offenders? There are three categories of offender eligible for MAPPA. Registered Sexual Offenders (Category 1) sexual offenders who are required to notify the police of their name, address and other personal details and notify any changes subsequently; Violent Offenders (Category 2) offenders sentenced to imprisonment/detention for 12 months or more, or detained under hospital orders. Other Dangerous Offenders (Category 3) offenders who do not qualify under categories 1 or 2 but who currently pose a risk of serious harm. There are 3 categories include supervising the offenders, arranging meetings between agencies to see which type of treatment the offender needs, police surveillance, specialised accommodation, and/or to provide ongoing senior management oversight. In the last year, MAPPA in Cumbria has worked in partnership with Circles UK, a national charity set up to encourage the development of Circles of Support and Accountability. Circles of support and accountability was first introduced in Canada about 15 years ago. The purpose of this programme is to support and reintegrate sex offenders who are about to be put back into the community. This idea was introduced to the UK by the Quakers. Sex offenders are lonely people who feel isolated when they are released into the community. These types of feelings make them re-offend. Circles pay attention to employment, financial difficulties, isolation and loneliness (circle journal). Circles believe that the act sex offenders have committed may be monstrous but that doesnt mean they are monsters. They believe sex offenders needs to be shown care and humanity to help them avoid further offending. The individual becomes a core member of the Circle. They are expected to commit and open within the Circle. They also promise that there will be no more victims by his or (her) hand, and that he or she will follow the laid down release plan (print out). Circles do involve the police and probation officers if any problem arises. Circles take place weekly. They consist of four to six volunteers taken from different faith communities. Sex offender programs/strategies are administered in prison and/or in the community to manage sex offenders. Three common therapeutic approaches to treating sex offenders are: The cognitive-behavioral approach, which focuses on changing thinking patterns related to sexual offending and changing deviant patterns of sexual behavior. The psycho-educational approach, which focuses on increasing offenders empathy for the victim while also teaching them to take responsibility for their sexual offenses. The pharmacological approach, which uses medication to reduce sexual response. Research has shown that sex offender treatment programs tend to have a high percentage of offenders who are either expelled from or drop out of treatment. Higher risk offenders and those who are mandated to receive treatment are the most likely to drop out. Fewer individuals drop out of cognitive-behavioral than hormonal treatment. Offenders who are married and employed are more likely to complete treatment. Offenders who do not complete treatment are more likely to commit subsequent sexual offenses than those who do complete treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapies are known to be effective treatment interventions that have helped lower the recidivism rates. This is the most common therapy used within sex offenders. Most sex offenders are let off and released within the community under supervision before there sentence is completed. Some other type of sex offender treatment programmes that are taken place in America are the Sex Offender Groupwork Programme (SOGP) for adult male offenders whose victims are children. Specialist assessment is required for this intensive programme and Internet Sex Offender Treatment Programme (I-SOTP) for male offenders with convictions for internet only sex offences.   It is designed to reduce the risk of future internet offending and progression to contact sex offending. There is a tremendous need for effective interventions that can lower the recidivism rates of sexual offenders. EFFECTIVE? Whether sex offender treatment is effective in reducing recidivism continues to be debated and reaching firm conclusions on this issue is complicated by the lack of high quality studies. Longer programmes are perhaps predicable, more effective than short ones and programmes which teach offenders technique which they can utilize themselves, especially to prevent relapse, are also successful ( book) 172. Sexual recidivism is generally lower than general recidivism. Different studies used different criteria for sexual recidivism. Effectiveness for register -There have been many controversial arguments regarding the use of Sex Offender Register. Criminals who committed crimes before 1997, were not a part of this registry, criminals with acute risk to the public were exempt from the list and there is no national sex offender register (Pakes Winstone, 2007) Mention 2 cases MAPPA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Treatment programmes have been researched regarding their impact on re conviction à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The group work treatment programmes in prisons and in the community have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing the re-conviction rates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Offenders successfully completing these programmes are 3 times less likely to be re convicted of a sexual offence and 5 times less likely to be re-convicted of a violent offence than offenders who have not completed the programmes. (NOTA) PART 3 There have been many debates about the rehabilitation process and its success rates. Circle of support reduced re ffending70% The Canadian model has proved to work. Re-conviction rates have halved and those who did re-offend committed less serious offences (paper). Conclusion In order to assess and treat a sexual offender effectively, therefore, one needs to obtain a realistic account of his psychosexuality , something that is notoriously difficult to do (Elsevier, 2007). or (Grubin, 2007). Maybe use another type of approach not only cognitive/behaviour but also psychotherapy and skills therapy to improve results. Programmes are constantly evolving as new information becomes available. Improvements will continue. Every step of this process is vital to reducing the risk a sex offender poses when he or she is returned to the community. Assuming every coach, every priest, every teacher is not likely to be a sexual predator, but that one could be and that you will not know if he is. Given that we cannot detect child molesters or rapists with any consistency, we must pay attention to ways of deflecting any potential offenders from getting access to us or to our children'(Salter,2003) Anthony Rice Long history of sexual and violent attacks Convicted 1989, given discretionary life sentence Released on life license Nov 2004 after 15yr prison term.Killed Naomi Bryant in August 2005 ROY WHITING The sex offender population is increasing and most of these offenders will be released into the community without having received any treatment.(((ARTICLE))

John Steinbecks Experience and Writing Essay -- Authors

At the age of thirteen, most children are still naà ¯ve to their future self-professions. However, in 1915, a boy at the mere age of thirteen was encouraged by his English teacher to become a writer (French 1). Unbeknownst to the teacher, the boy would arguably become a writer on equal terms to D.H. Lawrence, John Keats, or William Faulkner. The boy in question is John Steinbeck. Though Steinbeck’s era was a time of isolation and sorrow, between the economy and global conflicts the desperate times allowed many opportunities for Steinbeck. For example, he would intentionally immerse himself in unfavorable conditions that others experienced without a choice. In particular, the experiences with the Great Depression and World War II allowed John Steinbeck to change the world with a pen and paper. Perhaps the biggest influence in Steinbeck’s writing can be seen from his experiences of the Great Depression while he lived in California. Before Steinbeck made his living as a writer, he would experience the world from various points of views as he worked jobs such as a surveyor, bricklayer, ranch hand, and a store clerk (John Steinbeck). Seeing the world from the perspective of a hard laborer allowed Steinbeck to form his initial views that would become the basis for his early stories. The crisis that grasped California during 1930-1936 was the Dust Bowl, which according to a website dedicated to the great depression states â€Å"a million acres of farmland across the Plains became worthless due to severe drought and overfarming† (Causes of). Because of the despairing situation, Steinbeck was able to experience the severity first hand on many occasions. In fact, in 1935, Steinbeck was allowed to spend a week in Weedpatch where a camp wa... ... to realize before it is too late. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. John Steinbeck. New York: Bloom's Literary Criticism, 2008. Print. "Causes Of The Great Depression | The Great Depression | Causes, Effects, Timelines." Causes Of The Great Depression | The Great Depression | Causes, Effects, Timelines. Croft Communications. Web. 09 May 2012. French, Warren G. John Steinbeck's Nonfiction Revisited. New York: Twayne, 1996. Print. John (Ernst) Steinbeck." Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 7 May 2012. Noble, Donald R. The Steinbeck Question: New Essays in Criticism. Troy, NY: Whitston Pub., 1993. Print. Tedlock, E. W., and C. V. Wicker. Steinbeck and His Critics. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 1957. Print. Swisher, Clarice. Readings on John Steinbeck. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 1996. Print.

Federalist Papers

The Federalist Papers Several documents have helped carve the United States government from the beginning into what we know it as today†¦the Magna Carta, the Mayflower Compact, the Declaration of Independence†¦to name a few. One of the most important of those documents was The Federalist Papers. It is a series of 85 articles/essays that were written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay, between 1787 and 1788.This paper will focus on the purpose of the Federalist Papers, who the intended audience was, and why another document – the Articles of Confederation – written after the American Revolution, failed in the wake of the Constitution being drafted and ratified. (Peacock, n. d. ) The Federalist Papers, better known as The Federalist, or The New Constitution, was a planned attack devised by Alexander Hamilton, a lawyer from New York. Federalist Papers, 2012) I say attack, but it was more of a â€Å"strong support† of the newly proposed Const itution. He, along with Madison and Jay, wrote the papers under the pseudonym of Publius (the Roman citizen was that credited with saving the Roman republicanism). This was common practice when someone was writing something for public eyes, yet he or she didn’t want anyone to know who was writing the material. The Federalist Papers, 2002) The purpose was to try to and assist American republicanism by demonstrating the necessity of the Constitution. The essays had another other significant purpose: it immediately showed New Yorkers why it was a good idea to ratify the Constitution and in turn word quickly spread to the other States in the Union. They actually took the lead in ratifying the document, with New York coming in after the necessary nine states that were needed had already ratified.The Federalist Papers have helped our society to clearly understand what the writers of the Constitution were thinking when they wrote that document nearly 200 years ago. That documentâ₠¬â„¢s main audience at that time: the people within the Union, in particular, the â€Å"doubters† and critics of the drafted Constitution. Although a number of important states had already ratified the Constitution before the essays were published, it most assuredly helped in getting the nine out of the thirteen states within the Union needed in order to get it passed.It clarified for many what the Constitution was telling them and why it was so important to have. Today, federal judges frequently use the Federalist Papers to interpret the Constitution as a means to get a broader picture of the intentions of the framers and ratifiers (The Federalist Papers, 2002) I don’t think the authors, Hamilton, Madison and Jay, knew that the papers they drafted and published between 1787 and 1788 would still be influential in today’s government choices and proceedings.The Articles of Confederation, formally the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution. (Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? , 2012) With time, several things were pointed out as wrong or needing revising with the Articles.Among the reasons the Articles failed, giving way to the new Constitution, were: every state was independent (free to make their own choices, which did not sit well with the countries leaders) which reflected the seemingly written purpose that this was done so that the national government was kept as weak as possible; each state only had one vote in Congress, regardless of their size; Congress did not have the power to tax nor did they have the power to control trade (which was something that was needed to keep the finances of America over water); there was no national court system (criminals were free to run wild; no steady judgments were made by any laws); and the states refused to finance t he national government. These were just a few of the noticeably problems. In 1786, a rebellion is western Massachusetts protested the rising debt and economy chaos†¦but the national government was unable to assemble to a military force to help out it down, something else seen as needing to be fixed as soon as possible.For these reasons, the Articles of Confederation failed. (Kelly, 2012) The Federalist Papers are a significant piece to our nation’s history. People were set with the Articles of Confederation as being the only constitution they needed, but as the years went by, more things made it clear that a revision, or a whole new document for that matters, was needed to address the current states of the Union. It took some persuading to get the Constitution ratified, and the 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison and Jay helped persuade the American people to define the United States as we know it today. References Federalist Papers. (2012). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Federalist_Papers. The Federalist Papers. (2002). Retrieved from http://www. crf-usa. org/foundations-of-our-constitution/the-federalist-papers. html. Kelly, M. (2012). Why Did the Articles of Confederation Fall? Retrieved from http://americanhistory. about. com/od/governmentandpolitics/f/articles_of_confederation_fails. htm. Peacock, Anthony A. (n. d. ). First Principles Series. The Federalist Papers. Retrieved from http://www. heritage. org/initiatives/first-principles/primary-sources/the-federalist-papers. Why did the Articles of Confederation fail? (2012). Retrieved from http://essayinfo. com/sample/essay/465. Essay Info – Essay Writing Center.

dancing at lughnasa essays

dancing at lughnasa essays How, as a director, would you present the role of Michael in Friel's 'Dancing At Lughnasa'? What theatrical impact would you hope to achieve for the audience? AS with every character, a director must analyse and interpret Michael as they see him and then try to get this across to the audience without making him stand up stage and give them a profile of his and his aunts lives. As a director, I think that Michael's monologue at the Beginning of Act 1 is a key speech in terms of interpreting Michael's character. From reading the text I would say, Michael (who is looking back at his memories) is still a young man, perhaps in his twenties. I think this because his memories are so vivid. When you are still youngish you can still remember and relate to feelings you had as a child, you still understand why you thought or felt what you did. And so, in my opinion Michael (as an adult) should be staged as mid twenties. I also think that it would be easier for the audience to imagine a youngish Michael as a little boy rather than a man of about 45 as a little boy. Michael's speech, for me, does not reflect an unhappy childhood, yet it doesn't show that he was completely happy either. " I had a sense of unease, some awareness of a widening breach between what seemed to be and what was, of things changing too quickly before my eyes, of becoming what they ought not to be." I see Michael perfectly content with his surroundings. Nothing within the play makes me conclude that being brought up by five women and no father has affected him in any way. It seems that he would react to things as any normal boy of seven would. This part of Michael's character really needs to be conveyed to the audience so that they have no reason to look at him in a different way to how they would look at any other little boy. As a director I'd want the audience to like Michael, there would be no reason for them to feel sorry for him and they shouldn't absolutely ...

The 300 Million Year History of Amphibian Evolution

The 300 Million Year History of Amphibian Evolution Heres the strange thing about amphibian evolution: You wouldnt know it from the small and rapidly dwindling population of frogs, toads, and salamanders alive today, but for tens of millions of years spanning the late Carboniferous and early Permian periods, amphibians were the dominant land animals on Earth. Some of these ancient creatures achieved crocodile-like sizes, up to 15 feet long (which may not seem so big today but was positively huge 300 million years ago) and terrorized smaller animals as the apex predators of their swampy ecosystems. Before going further, its helpful to define what the word amphibian means. Amphibians differ from other vertebrates in three main ways: First, newborn hatchlings live underwater and breathe via gills, which then disappear as the juvenile undergoes a metamorphosis into its adult, air-breathing form. Juveniles and adults can look very different, as in the case of tadpoles and full-grown frogs. Second, adult amphibians lay their eggs in water, which significantly limits their mobility when colonizing the land. And third, the skin of modern amphibians tends to be slimy rather than reptile-scaly, which allows for the additional transport of oxygen for respiration. The First Amphibians As is often the case in evolutionary history, its impossible to pinpoint the exact moment when the first tetrapods, the four-legged fish that crawled out of the shallow seas 400 million years ago and swallowed gulps of air with primitive lungs, turned into the first true amphibians. In fact, until recently, it was fashionable to describe these tetrapods as amphibians, until it occurred to experts that most tetrapods didnt share the full spectrum of amphibian characteristics. For example, three important genera of the early Carboniferous period- Eucritta, Crassigyrinus, and Greererpeton- can be variously described as either tetrapods or amphibians, depending on which features are being considered. Its only in the late Carboniferous period, from about 310 to 300 million years ago, that we can comfortably refer to the first true amphibians. By this time, some genera had attained relatively monstrous sizes- a good example being Eogyrinus (dawn tadpole), a slender, crocodile-like creature that measured 15 feet from head to tail. Interestingly, the skin of Eogyrinus was scaly rather than moist, evidence that the earliest amphibians needed to protect themselves from dehydration. Another late Carboniferous/early Permian genus, Eryops, was much shorter than Eogyrinus but more sturdily built, with massive, tooth-studded jaws and strong legs. At this point, its worth noting a rather frustrating fact about amphibian evolution: Modern amphibians, which are technically known as lissamphibians, are only remotely related to these early monsters. Lissamphibians, which include frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and rare earthworm-like amphibians called caecilians, are believed to have radiated from a common ancestor that lived in the middle Permian or early Triassic periods, and its unclear what relationship this common ancestor may have had to late Carboniferous amphibians like Eryops and Eogyrinus. Its possible that modern lissamphibians branched off from the late Carboniferous Amphibamus, but not everyone subscribes to this theory. Prehistoric Amphibians: Lepospondyls and Temnospondyls As a general rule, the amphibians of the Carboniferous and Permian periods can be divided into two camps: small and weird-looking (lepospondyls), and big and reptilelike (temnospondyls). The lepospondyls were mostly aquatic or semiaquatic, and more likely to have the slimy skin characteristic of modern amphibians. Some of these creatures (such as Ophiderpeton and Phlegethontia) resembled small snakes; others, like Microbrachis, were reminiscent of salamanders, and some were simply unclassifiable. A good example of the last is Diplocaulus: This three-foot-long lepospondyl had a huge, boomerang-shaped skull, which might have functioned as an undersea rudder. Dinosaur enthusiasts should find the temnospondyls easier to swallow. These amphibians anticipated the classic reptilian body plan of the Mesozoic Era: long trunks, stubby legs, big heads, and in some cases scaly skin, and many of them (like Metoposaurus and Prionosuchus) resembled large crocodiles. Probably the most infamous of the temnospondyl amphibians was the impressively named Mastodonsaurus; the name means nipple-toothed lizard and has nothing to do with the elephant ancestor. Mastodonsaurus had an almost comically oversized head that accounted for nearly a third of its 20-foot-long body. For a good portion of the Permian period, the temnospondyl amphibians were the top predators of the Earths landmasses. That all changed with the evolution of the therapsids (mammal-like reptiles) toward the end of the Permian period. These large, nimble carnivores chased the temnospondyls back into the swamps, where most of them slowly died out by the beginning of the Triassic period. There were a few scattered survivors, though: For example, the 15-foot-long Koolasuchus thrived in Australia in the middle Cretaceous period, about a hundred million years after its temnospondyl cousins of the northern hemisphere had gone extinct. Introducing Frogs and Salamanders As stated above, modern amphibians (lissamphibians) branched off from a common ancestor that lived anywhere from the middle Permian to the early Triassic periods. Since the evolution of this group is a matter of continuing study and debate, the best we can do is to identify the earliest true frogs and salamanders, with the caveat that future fossil discoveries may push the clock back even further. Some experts claim that the late Permian Gerobatrachus, also known as the frogamander, was ancestral to these two groups, but the verdict is mixed. As far as prehistoric frogs are concerned, the best current candidate is Triadobatrachus, or triple frog, which lived about 250 million years ago, during the early Triassic period. Triadobatrachus differed from modern frogs in some important ways: For example, it had a tail, the better to accommodate its unusually large number of vertebrae, and it could only flail its hind legs rather than use them to execute long-distance jumps. But its resemblance to modern frogs is unmistakable. The earliest known true frog was the tiny Vieraella of early Jurassic South America, while the first true salamander is believed to have been Karaurus, a tiny, slimy, big-headed amphibian that lived in late Jurassic central Asia. Ironically- considering that they evolved over 300 million years ago and have survived, with various waxings and wanings, into modern times- amphibians are among the most threatened creatures on the Earth today. Over the last few decades, a startling number of frog, toad, and salamander species have spiraled toward extinction, though no one knows exactly why. The culprits may include pollution, global warming, deforestation, disease, or a combination of these and other factors. If current trends persist, amphibians may be the first major classification of vertebrates to disappear off the face of the Earth.

Miranda v. Arizona Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Miranda v. Arizona - Essay Example The jury found Miranda guilty of the kidnapping and rape charges, and a sentence of 20 to 30 years on each count was imposed on Miranda. Later, Miranda made an appeal to the Supreme Court of Arizona, which held that the constitutional rights of Miranda had not been violated by the police, at the time of procuring the confession. In this manner, the Supreme Court of Arizona upheld the decision of the lower court (MIRANDA V. ARIZONA: AN OVERVIEW AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS). In this case, the Supreme Court examined the statements of the police officers and the confession obtained from Miranda. It held that the police officers had failed to intimate Miranda that he had a right to council. It was also found that the police had not given any opportunity to Miranda to exercise his right to council during the questioning. The Court stated that the police had failed to inform Miranda of his legitimate right to not to be compelled to incriminate himself during the interrogation (Miranda v Arizona , 1966). Thus, the Supreme Court clearly held that in the absence of the fulfillment of these requirements, the statements procured from Miranda were inadmissible as evidence. The police should have followed the legal procedures, while obtaining evidence from Miranda, if it was to be admissible in the court. The Supreme Court held that the typed statement from Miranda that he had full knowledge of his constitutional rights, did not waive his constitutional rights (Case Brief Of Miranda Vs. Arizona 1966). In addition, the Supreme Court during its ruling emphasized that the process of interrogation, by its very nature was always intimidating. This can be offset by reading suspects their rights, prior to the commencement of interrogation. It is the duty of the police officer to read out these rights to the suspect before the interrogation. However, there is no need for a police officer to read these rights to a suspect, while arresting the latter (Case Brief Of Miranda

Leisure and technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leisure and technology - Essay Example In the contemporary world, things have taken a different direction especially after industrialization. The aspect of leisure time activities has been intertwined with technology. In most cases, the leisure-time mobility and activities have tended to develop through technology use (Castle, 2006). The technological aspects, which had previously been developed for military, scientific and commercial purposes, have shifted towards leisure-time use. Currently, new technologies concepts have a leisure-time use phase. Alternatively, technological devices tend to serve as prototypes for various models which are then adapted for leisure time use. New researches suggest that pervasive technological tools tend to be killing off leisure activities. The younger generation is the mostly affected by the aspect of technology and leisure. In most cases, students and the younger workers tend to work for longer hours hence taking shorter vacations. If they decide to go for the vacation, all they do is take their laptops, tabs and cell phones along. Most organizations also tend to encourage this aspect by recommending the use of internet to do organizational chores while on holiday. Examples of leisure activities, which have been affected by technology, include games, book reading among others. In the contemporary world, children and even the young adults prefer computer games during their leisure and not the real game on the ground (Castle, 2006). Football is nowadays played over the internet. Alternatively, people prefer to watch football or any other game on the television instead of going to the stadium to watch it live. Nowadays people do not spend their free time reading novels and magazines. With the introduction of the internet, most people prefer reading online articles and books. With modernization, traditional forms of leisure have been replaced

Distributed database development assignment Essay

Distributed database development assignment - Essay Example The client can access information by directly or indirectly connecting to the database server. For example, if a client connects to a server requests access to information from a database contained on that server a direct connection established. To elaborate further, if the client connects to the Head Quarter database and requests access to the data held in warehouse (inventory ) or retail stores (item, color ) tables, he can do so by a simple query – â€Å" select * from inventory;†. This is a direct query as the object, i.e., the inventory table is not located on the remote database. On the other hand if the client connects to a server and accesses information from a database contained in another server, then an indirect connection is established. For example, if the client connects to one the retail server and accesses information from the database contained in the Brisbane Warehouse server or Melbourne Warehouse server, then an indirect connection is established as the object being accessed is not on the server to which the client is directly connected. A Distributed Database System is not just a mere collection of files that can be stored individually at each node of a computer network. In order to for a proper Distributed Database System, all the relevant files need to be stored in a logical manner, i.e., the files should be logically related, with a proper structure that facilitates easy and convenient access to the databases via a common interface. In a distributed database system, the business information of a company is distributed over a network, hence it is practical and preferable to localize the data in such a way that the information relating to the Brisbane Warehouse is stored in Brisbane and those related to the Melbourne Warehouse will be stored in Melbourne. For example, any query related to the order_id, inventory, item_id, inventory_quantity etc related to a specific location is stroed in each partition at a

Essay about recent hate crimes and statistic Essay Example for Free

Essay about recent hate crimes and statistic Essay Lifeless bodies with slashed throats were found in the mountains of Virginia nearly six years ago. This is quite a disturbing image; the unfortunate result of a hate crime. What exactly is a hate crime? The American Psychological Association defines hate crimes as violent acts against people, property, or organizations because of the group to which they belong or identify with (1). The different groups usually involved include homosexuals, ethnic groups, and religion affiliations. Dr. Jack McDevitt, a criminologist at Northeastern University in Boston, said hate crimes are forms of messages the offender wants to send to members of certain groups letting them know they are unwelcome in that neighborhood, community, school or workplace (APA, 1). According to CNN.com, Darrell David Rice of Columbia, Maryland, was found guilty of committing the 1996 slayings of hikers Julianne Marie Williams and Laura Lollie Winans, who were the girls in the opening disturbing image. Rice is serving an 11-year sentence in federal prison in Petersburg, Virginia, for attempting to abduct and kill a female bicyclist in the same park in 1997. U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft called the killings of Williams and Winans hate crimes and said Rice could also receive the death penalty, in addition to the present sentence (Frieden, 1). Examples of hate crimes provided by Stephen Wesslers Addressing Hate Crimes: Six Initiatives include (3):  ·the dragging death of African-American James Byrd, Jr., in Jasper, Texas  ·the deadly attack on Matthew Sheppard, a gay student in Laramie, Wyoming  ·the shooting rampage targeting minority citizens in Chicago  ·the shootings of children at a Jewish community center in Los Angeles  ·the murder of Joseph Santos Ileto, a Filipino-American mail carrier A report done by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) states that 7,947 hate crime incidents were reported. In 1995, a comparison of states showed that California was at the top of the charts with 1,751 incidents reported, and Florida stood with 164 incidents (2). The total number of hate crimes only decreased by less than a hundred between 1995 and 1999. While these numbers may seem relatively small, the Southern Poverty Law Center has posted more dramatic statistics: every hour someone commits a hate crime, every day eight blacks, three whites, three gays, three Jews and one Latino become hate crime victims, and every week a cross is burned (1). In order to prevent the hate crimes from occurring, different things are being done in order to prevent and deal with the hate crimes. In schools, the Anti-Defamation League websites suggests planning ahead by doing the following (1): 1.Work with your school administration to establish a plan for responding promptly to hate incidents and hate crimes. 2.Educate school staff on how to recognize hate-motivated incidents and hate crimes. 3.Establish procedures for reporting hate-motivated incidents/crimes. 4.Establish school policies which clearly indicate that hate-motivated behavior will not be tolerated. On a wider scale, since the 1980s research on hate crimes has increased, especially from those in the fields of criminology and law enforcement. There focus is primarily on reporting the frequency of the problem and preparing criminal justice responses to it. While many hate motivated crimes go unreported, the number of reported incidents is up. However, with special training, people are prepared to deal with the situations. According to Wessler, the first professionals to respond to the scene of a hate crime are police officers. How they act in the situation will affect  the outcome of the incident. Wessler stated, law enforcement agencies have a pivotal role in responding to, investigating, prosecuting, and preventing hate crimes. Training is given to the police officers in order to carry out their role. Wessler said the training includes how to recognize and investigate potential hate crimes, have clear protocols on how to respond to hate violence, and develop innovative programs for preventing the hate crimes. Along with the professional training of police personnel, laws against hate crimes have been enforced in some states. As of 1999, there are only eleven states that do not have hate crime laws: South Carolina, Hawaii, Wyoming, New York, Kentucky, Rhode Island, New Mexico, Kansas, Arkansas, Georgia and Indiana. The anti-hate laws may not be well known but there are some out there. For example, the Local Law Enforcement Hate Crimes Prevention Act provides assistance to state and local law enforcement agencies and amend federal law to streamline the investigation and prosecution of hate crimes. This bill will change the already existing law, adding crimes against sexual orientation, gender, and disability. This law also allows authority to respond to all crimes covered by the existing law, meaning crimes based on race, color, national origin, and religion (1). The number of hate crimes is slowly being decreased and the number of laws against hate crimes is slowly being increased, but the truth is, they are still out there. It may seem impossible to eliminate all the hate crimes that are occuring, but with more research, training, and handling each situation as they arise more seriously, America is slowly on its way to eliminating the problem of hate crimes. Works Cited American Psychological Association. 1998. Anti-Defamation League. 1999. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Uniform Crime Reports. 1995. Frieden, Terry. 10 Apr. 2002. National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. NGLTF Communications Department. 25 Sep. 2002. Southern Poverty Law Center. Wessler, Stephen. Addressing Hate Crimes: Six Initiatives That Are Enhancing the Efforts of Criminal Justice Practitioners. Feb. 2000.